Technologies producing high current density (>20mA/cm2) negative ions at a low operating gas pressure (<0.3Pa) has been established. Reduction of the gas pressure is efficient to improve the acceleration efficiency of neutral beam injectors. Beam optics in a multi-aperture, multi-stage electrostatic accelerator has been studied using a 400keV negative ion source. It was found that the ion beam ...

In relation to injecting drug use, many European and U.S. efforts to prevent new HIV infections focus on sexual and injecting risk behavior of persons who are not infected (both injectors and sexual partners of injectors). Behavioral changes among these HIVnegatives are given that knowledge and means are present dependent on a desire for self-protection against HIV infection. However, in order ...

The number of biological therapies in development to treat chronic diseases has risen steadily over the years. The fact that many of these therapies are designed for home delivery by patients or caregivers via subcutaneous injection, combined with the increasing complexity of longer acting formulations, larger injection volumes and longer injection durations, has raised the bar for seamless inj...

BACKGROUND This paper describes injection risk in an out-of-treatment population of young heroin users in Hanoi, Vietnam, including use of a soft-tissue portal known as a "cay ma" (injection sac). METHODS Data from a large cross-sectional survey (N=1270) are used to describe the prevalence of this practice and its association with disease. Additionally, data from an ethnographic substudy on i...

BACKGROUND Teenagers with allergies are at particular risk of severe and fatal reactions, but epinephrine auto-injectors are not always carried as prescribed. We investigated barriers to carriage. METHODS Patients aged 12-18 years old under a specialist allergy clinic, who had previously been prescribed an auto-injector were invited to participate. Semi-structured interviews explored the fact...

BACKGROUND In the UK, needle and syringe programmes (NSP) are delivered via community pharmacies or substance misuse services (SMSNSP). Understanding the profile of drug injectors primarily using different sources of injecting equipment can help service design. METHODS Blood spot samples and behavioural data were collected from drug injectors and tested for antibodies to hepatitis C and hepat...

BACKGROUND Incarceration has been associated with HIV infection among injection drug users. However, data on HIV risk factors of the inmates during incarceration are rarely reported from Thailand. METHODS A prospective cohort of 689 male inmates in a Bangkok central prison was studied during 2001-2002. Follow up visits were conducted for 5 months, with testing for HIV and other infections and...

Dependability benchmarks must include fault injectors that are very simple to install and use. They should be downloadable from the web together with the other components of the benchmark and be able to target all system components. Since the existing injectors did not fulfill this requirement, we have developed DBench-FI. Presently this SWIFI tool targets the Linux OS on Intel processors, and ...

Hepatitis C-related discrimination was examined. Intake interviews with 606 HepCare trial participants from New South Wales were analysed to determine the prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C related discrimination. The sample was a mean age of 37 years, 54% were males, 79% reported a history of drug injecting and 35% were current injectors. Forty percent of the sample reported experiencing...