The external balance sheets of many emerging market countries are distinguished by their holdings of assets primarily in the form of foreign debt and foreign exchange reserves, while their liabilities are predominantly equity, either FDI or portfolio. In this paper we investigate the claim that this composition served as a buffer for the emerging markets during the global financial crisis of 20...

This guidance note was prepared by International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank Group staff under a project undertaken with the support of grants from Financial Sector Reform Strengthening Initiative, (FIRST).The aim to deliver report that provides emerging market developing economies roadmap in their local currency bond markets (LCBMs). will also inform technical assistance missions advisi...

The need for better techniques, tools and practices to analyse ecological and economic systems in an integrated framework has never been so great. Self-organising map (SOM) methods are utilised for this purpose with two examples using regional and global data (ecological and economic) compiled by state and international institutions i.e. Waikato Regional Council and the World Bank. Sustainable ...

The risk of a reputation loss can provide an informal enforcement mechanism when contracts are incomplete. This paper provides evidence that reputation and formal incentives to monitor are substitutes in syndicated lending. Formal incentives in a loan syndicate are determined by the amount of funding the monitoring bank provides to a loan. Using within-firm estimators, we show that monitoring b...

Why have patterns of healthcare spending varied during the Great Recession? Using cross-national, harmonised data for 27 EU countries from 1995 to 2011, we evaluated political, economic, and health system determinants of recent changes to healthcare expenditure. Data from EuroStat, the IMF, and World Bank (2013 editions) were evaluated using multivariate random- and fixed-effects models, correc...

Abstract Past studies have shown that nations borrow money from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) greater rates of poverty, unemployment, and inflation than countries do not IMF. This is despite fact IMF claims fostering economic development one its objectives. The loans conditions are to most detrimental impact on economies subject this study, which focused, specifically Nigeria. In order ...

The research to understand variable influence economic and social variables which include investment, port infrastructure, labour on the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) in ASEAN countries. decider of sample is based Crossection Time series data eight countries 2015-2018 period. Source were obtained from World Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF). This study uses panel analysis method with a...

Yet, how to make the machinery of government work to deliver is a question without an easy answer in many of the World Bank’s client countries. India is one example: the country’s bloated and malfunctioning bureaucracy is seen as one of the biggest obstacles to its sustainable growth (Singh 2004). Pritchett identifies this malfunctioning of India’s public service as “one of the world’s top ten ...