Indonesia’s economic growth slowed modestly in 2001. That caused of response to the global economic slowdown, which reduced demand for the country’s export. Indonesia currently holds proven oil reserves of 5 billion barrels and has proven natural gas reserves of 92.5 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). Its is important to world energy markets and also holds a special position in international climate po...

The concept of food security has been on the international agenda as far back as 1948, when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirmed that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food.....” Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights went further, in 1966, when it af...

We propose a procedure to take model risk into account in the computation of capital reserves. This addresses the need to make the allocation of capital reserves to positions in given markets dependent on the extent to which reliable models are available. The proposed procedure can be used in combination with any of the standard risk measures, such as Value-at-Risk and expected shortfall. We as...

1 The work described in this paper was coordinated by the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions on behalf of the Department of Energy. Copyright 2001 IEEE. Published in the Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences, January 3-6, 2001, Maui, Hawaii. Abstract We examine the design of bid selection protocols and settlement rules in ancillary service m...

1 The problems of deforestation of the tropics and solutions which have been suggested are described. 2 An international programme is proposed which will preserve a sample of the remaining forests in a system of large tropical forest reserves. 3 This system will include 1000 reserves of approximately 100000 ha each, in forty-eight tropical nations. 4 To finance this system a fund is proposed ba...

the purpose of establishing foreign reserves account in iran was mainly to secure iran's economy from the oil's price changes. it was to compensate for oil price reduction. but foreign reserves account withdrew excessively and did not allocate it optimally. that's why; it went for away from its practical purpose. this study focuses on the use of official assessment pattern to rev...