abstract background: understanding the electrophysiological effects of toxins, may facilitate new drugs discovery. buthotusschach (bs) has been shown to be one of the most dangerous scorpions in tropical part of iran. present study was aimed to investigate the electrophysiological effects of two active fractions (f4 and f6) isolated from bs scorpion toxin on action potential (ap) characteristic...

Previous studies of reptiles and amphibians have shown that changing the body temperature consistently produces transient changes in the respiratory exchange ratio (RE) and, hence, changes in whole-body CO2 stores, and that the extracellular fluid compartment contributes to the temperature-related changes in CO2 stores. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the intracellular fluid ...

We used three methods to examine the relationship among intracellular pH, transmembrane potential, and extracellular pH. Single-barreled electrodes permitted the determination of resting potential and intracellular pH with a minimum of cellular injury. Double-barreled electrodes, which incorporated a reference as well as a pH-sensitive electrode in a single tip, facilitated the direct measureme...

There is a high frequency of diarrhea and vomiting in childhood. As a consequence the focus of the present review is to recognize the different body fluid compartments, to clinically assess the degree of dehydration, to know how the equilibrium between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid is maintained, to calculate the effective blood osmolality and discuss both parenteral fluid requirm...

The amino acid analog, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) has been used to study myocardial amino acid transport in the isolated rabbit right ventricular papillary muscle. Intracellular AIB accumulation is linear for 2 hours and reaches a plateau at 3 hours at an intracellular/extracellular concentration gradient of 3.4. Anoxia does not inhibit this process whereas simultaneous inhibition of aero...

The effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on pancreatic ductal secretion were studied in guinea pigs. In the isolated vascularly perfused pancreas, AVP reduced secretin-stimulated fluid secretion and increased the vascular resistance when the perfusion rate was held constant. In the isolated interlobular duct segments, AVP inhibited secretin-stimulated fluid secretion, indicating the direct inh...

Transepithelial salt and fluid secretion mediated by cAMP in initial inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDi) may be important for making final adjustments to urine composition. We examined in primary cultures of human IMCDi cells the effects of adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists and antagonists on intracellular cAMP levels, short-circuit current (I(SC)), and fluid secretion. Epinephrine (1 micr...

DKA is a state of decompensation metabolic chaos characterized by triassic hyperglycemia, acidosis, and ketosis which one the most serious life-threatening acute complications diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) requires proper treatment immediate treatment. Management insulin therapy, intravenous administration fluids key component management to expand intravascular, interstitial, i...