tabolites between parasite and host tissues, or may inactivate parasite enzyme systems. Two major features of the vertebrate immune response are apparently undeveloped in invertebrates, namely, specificity, the complementarity between an antibody-combining site and a particular antigenic determinant, and memory, the increased responsiveness to foreign material as a result of previous antigenic ...

Invertebrate pest invasions and outbreaks are associated with high social, economic, and ecological costs, and their significance will intensify with an increasing pressure on agricultural productivity as a result of human population growth and climate change. New molecular genetic and genomic techniques are available and accessible, but have been grossly underutilized in studies of invertebrat...

Invertebrate model systems, such as nematodes and fruit flies, have provided valuable information about the genetics and cellular biology involved in aging. However, limitations of these simple, genetically tractable organisms suggest the need for other model systems, some of them invertebrate, to facilitate further advances in the understanding of mechanisms of aging and longevity in mammals, ...