We introduce a methodology to extract the separate contributions of the ionosphere and the plasmasphere to the vertical total electron content, without relying on a fixed altitude to perform that separation. The method combines two previously developed and tested techniques, namely, the retrieval of electron density profiles from radio occultations using an improved Abel inversion technique and...

[1] Recent progress in high‐precision GPS measurements research and applications leads to the study of higher‐order ionosphere effects on GPS signal propagation. This paper focuses on second‐order ionospheric effects, which are influenced by the presence of the Earth’s magnetic field. Due to the presence of Earth’s magnetic field, GPS signals may propagate through the ionosphere in two distinct...

Abstract The X-rays and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emitted during solar flares can rapidly change the physical composition of Earth’s ionosphere, causing space weather phenomena. It is important to develop an accurate understanding flare emission spectra understand how it affects ionosphere. We reproduced entire spectrum using empirical model physics-based model, input into atmospheric GAIA calc...

High frequency Doppler observations of the ionosphere began in August of 1957 in Kyoto. The number of the observation points worldwide were about 40 in 1980 and are about 20 at present. By this method the movement of the ionosphere ref lection height and electron density below the height can be observed. Such variations are occurred by a wide variety of sources.

During the “Auroral Jets” experiment from Poker Flat, Alaska on 2 March 2017, two NASA sounding rockets were simultaneously launched into active auroral ionosphere. The equipped with instrumentation to measure DC and AC electric fields, magnetic energetic electrons, plasma density, neutral winds achieved apogees of 190 330 km. A prominent feature field observations is presence localized large-a...

The ionosphere is about 60-1000 km above the earth’s surface, which is actually plasma of ionized gas of the upper atmosphere by solar radiation and high-energy particles from the Sun. The ionized electrons concentrations change with height above earth’s surface, location, time of the day, season, and amount of solar activity. The total electron content (TEC) and electron density profiles are t...

The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) a joint project of URSI and COSPAR is the defacto standard for a climatological specification of ionospheric parameters. IRI is based on a wide range of ground and space data and has been steadily improved since its inception in 1969 with the ever-increasing volume of ionospheric data and with better mathematical descriptions of the observed global a...

The response of the global ionosphere to solar flares is an important topic in field space weather. ionospheric comprehensively analyzed from perspectives total electron content (TEC) and very low frequency (VLF) signals by using flare data on eruption days X-class 2006 2019, including level, duration, geographical location, local time. In addition, relationship between X-ray flux VLF phase var...

[1] Relationships of the geomagnetic Sq field to the electric field, conductivity, and currents in the ionosphere were studied from the correlation of the Sq amplitude in the Y-component with that of the ionospheric electric field and Hall currents. The electric field was obtained from the observation by the MU radar from 1989 to 2001, and the currents were estimated from the obtained field and...

This paper studies the ionospheric response to a major geomagnetic storm of October 18-19, 1995, using the thermosphere-ionosphere electrodynamics general circulation model (TIEGCM) simulations and the global ionospheric maps (GIM) of total electron content (TEC) observations from the Global Positioning System (GPS) worldwide network. The TIE-GCM results, which utilize the realistic time-depend...