OBJECTIVES We estimated war-related Iraqi mortality for the period 1980 through 1993. METHOD To test our hypothesis that deaths reported by siblings (even dating back several decades) would correspond with war events, we compared sibling mortality reports with the frequency of independent news reports about violent historic events. We used data from a survey of 4,287 adults in 2000 Iraqi hous...

A 41-year-old man was referred with a complaint of visual loss in his left eye and his best corrected visual acuity was 20/80. Slit lamp examination showed arborizing conjunctival vessels and dry eye. Fundus examination and fluorescein angiography revealed a non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Cardiovascular, rheumatologic, and hematologic work up showed no abnormal findings. An ascert...

OBJECTIVE Quality of life measures can provide an important source of medical information for promoting the health status of chronically ill patients. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate health related quality of life in psychiatric veterans of the Iraq- Iran war of the 1980s. METHODS They were out patients diagnosed with various psychiatric symptoms. The present study used a cro...

In the war between Ottomans and Safavids Dynasty, two thirds of Kurdistan area was separated from Iran, and joined the Ottoman territories. The Ottoman empire was defeated in World War I and Kurdistan was divided among Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and a small part joined the Soviet Russia, i.e. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Concerning the Kurdish governments which were established in Iran being led...

The present study concerns editing of translations in Iran during the Iran-Iraq War,which in the official discourse of the country is known as the Sacred Defense. Itargues that editing, in its local sense, advocated a linguistic purism inspired by aredefined nationalism, which went hand in hand with identity politics andsnowballed into a movement of resistance.

both iran and iraq during their countries’ histories have seen numerous political events. the most important event that can be seen in contemporary histories of both countries is war. the involvement of both nations with ominous phenomena of war has caused the formation of somewhat similar approaches in the cultures of these two countries. one of these similar approaches is the formation of res...

To investigation of secondary traumatic stress disorder in wives of Iranian war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. 43 wives of Iranian war veterans who had participated in Iran-Iraq war and were diagnosed with PTSD, voluntarily entered in this study. The veterans were treated by psychiatrists of veterans’ organization, Tehran, Iran. Each woman completed a short questionnaire to...

wars begin to supply some goals. they have many predictable and unpredictable costs. state leaders and military commanders try to find way to decries war damages and to choose suitable strategies to reach their objectives spending fewer costs. one of these strategies can be blitzkrieg. this essay tries to explain the way of using this strategy in 20th century wars describing its theoretical bas...

Leishmaniasis affects 1.5-2 million new cases in the world annually. Two major complications of cutaneous leishamaniasis include diffuse cutaneous leishamaniasis (DCL ) occurring in the setting of deficient cell mediated immunity, typically with HIV infection, and chronic cutaneous leishamaniasis (CCL ) developing in approximately 4% of L. tropica infections in Iran and Afghanistan which also m...