Patient blood management is now high on national and international health-system agendas. Serious supply challenges as a result of changing population dynamics, escalating cost of blood, ongoing safety challenges and questions about transfusion efficacy and outcomes are necessitating change in transfusion practice. Numerous initiatives are underway to bring about change, including the instituti...

Issuance effects are regarded as one of the most important aspects referring to regulatory guidelines green corporate bond ratings. This paper developed a new incentive difference Hotelling model, considering four major factors, i.e., direct effect issuance, indirect reputation rating agencies and penalties. In this how impact dual mechanism integrated was discussed. Numerical experiments were ...

Purpose: The introduction of dual decisions (such as the issue shares and debt; repurchase repayment share issues repurchases) has provided an order preference financing influenced by company-specific attributes. aim this study is to investigate determinants choice South African companies listed on Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) between different decisions.Design/methodology/approach: Data w...