Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans can prolong survival in mice. However, the properties of antibodies that mediate protection are not fully understood. The IgM mAbs 12A1 and 13F1 originated from the same B cell and differ only by somatic mutations in their variable regions; yet mAb 12A1 protects against serotype D infection, while mAb 13F1 doe...

OBJECTIVE Prediction of influenza incidence among outpatients from an influenza surveillance system is important for public influenza strategy. METHODS We developed two influenza prediction models through influenza surveillance data of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (each year, each province and metropolitan city; total reported patients with influenza-like illness strat...

We propose a model with some of the main demographic, economic and institutional factors usually considered to matter in the transition to modern growth. We apply our theory to England over the period 1530-1860. We use the model to measure the impact of mortality, population density and technological progress on school foundations, literacy and growth through a set of experiments. We find that ...

Instrumental Variable Estimation of the Causal Effect of Hunger Early in Life on Health Later in Life Numerous studies have evaluated the effect of nutrition early in life on health much later in life by comparing individuals born during a famine to others. Nutritional intake is typically unobserved and endogenous, whereas famines arguably provide exogenous variation in the provision of nutriti...

We study dynamics of interactions among environmental pollution, population and output growth showing that shocks are persistent in these systems and that they converge slowly to the steady state. It is demonstrated that the extent of persistence in economic growth is determined by the convergence speed of shocks in both environmental pollution and population. A modified Solow-Swan economy is s...

Recently, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) published “State of World Population 2002” which holds a Malthusian view on demography: population growth harms economic development. Based on that assumption, the UNFPA directs funds to reduce the fertility of Third World women. The purpose of this paper is to question the arguments and the underlying assumptions of the UNFPA perspective on ...

Time preferences vary by age. Notably, according to experimental studies, senior citizens tend to discount future payoff s more heavily than working-age individuals. Based on these fi ndings, we hypothesize that demographic change has contributed to the cut-back in government-fi nanced investment that many advanced economies experienced over the last four decades. We demonstrate for a panel of ...

Population aging is widely expected to have detrimental effects on aggregate economic growth. However, we have little empirical evidence about the actual existence or magnitude of such effects. In this paper, we exploit differential aging patterns at the state level in the United States between 1980 and 2010. Many states have already experienced high growth rates of the 60+ population, comparab...

Intergenerational Persistence in Health in Developing Countries: The Penalty of Gender Inequality? This paper is motivated to investigate the often neglected payoff to investments in the health of girls and women in terms of next generation outcomes. This paper investigates the intergenerational persistence of health across time and region as well as across the distribution of maternal health. ...

Long-term Effects of Famine on Life Expectancy: A Re-analysis of the Great Finnish Famine of 1866-1868 Famines are extreme cases of environmental stress, and have been used by a series of studies to explore the long-term consequences of the fetal or childhood environment. Results are inconsistent and do not support negative long-term effects on mortality. The authors test the hypothesis that se...