Japan’s involvement in the wildlife trade is widely recognised. We investigated the extent and legitimacy of trade of slow lorises, Nycticebus spp., as pets in Japan. We collected data from online videos, pet shops, and selected informants between May and July 2014 in Japan, and supplemented these with data from CITES Trade Database and confiscation records. We recorded 114 slow lorises in 93 J...

How Outsourcing Affects Bilateral Political Relations One issue the literature neglects is how outsourcing stimulates trade (imports, exports and foreign direct investment), thereby affecting political relations. However, at least as far back as 1750, economic philosophers such as Baron de Montesquieu in his L’Esprit des Lois, argued, “peace is the natural effect of trade.” This paper first rev...

Do political tensions harm economic relations? Theories claim that trade prevents war and political relations motivate trade, but less is known about whether smaller shifts in political relations impact economic exchange. Looking at two major economies, we show that negative events have not hurt U.S. or Japanese trade or investment flows. We then examine specific incidents of tensions in U.S.-F...

With the birth of Fordism and expansion markets beyond states’ borders, national supply chains have evolved into international global chains. Some countries fared much better than others in becoming an irreplaceable part said chain. For instance, one could mention Iran due to its rich oil reserves geopolitical position on globe, China with cheap human capital high-profit margins, US massive rea...

We use mixed-complementarity-problem programming to implement tariff rate quotas (TRQs) in the global computable general equilibrium (CGE) LINKAGE model. We apply the approach to TRQs in sugar markets in OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. We calibrate the model on 2000 policy levels for OECD countries to reflect the full implementation of their World Trade O...

Abstract The European Union (EU) has been using economic sanctions both as a foreign policy tool and liberal alternative to military action. Since 2006, it implementing general against the whole economy of Iran, affecting their trade relations, since 2007, following imposition by UN Security Council, also smart targeting Iranian entities natural persons associated with country's activities. In ...