A tod-luxCDABE fusion was constructed and introduced into the chromosome of Pseudomonas putida F1, yielding the strain TVA8. This strain was used to examine the induction of the tod operon when exposed to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds and aqueous solutions of JP-4 jet fuel constituents. Since this system contained the complete lux cassette (luxCDABE), bacterial bio...

Basis = price of hedged asset-price of hedging instrument problem of basis risk: uncertainties of processes describing the evolution of prices of asset and hedging instrument not identical, only highly correlated Example 1: weather derivatives hedged asset: heating oil sales, hedging instrument: HDD derivative HDD derivative: contract paying a premium in case HDD above a critical threshold Exam...

Life-cycle analysis (LCA) allows the scientific community to identify the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of novel routes to produce renewable fuels. Herein, we integrate LCA into our investigations of a new route to produce drop-in diesel/jet fuel by combining furfural, obtained from the catalytic dehydration of lignocellulosic pentose sugars, with alcohols that can be derived from a...

The engineering and scientific community has been searching for the identification of surrogate fuels that can reasonably represent the performance and emissions behavior of jet fuels (e.g., Jet A, JP-8) in engines. Many proposals exist in the literature, but there has been no consensus of opinion. It has been recognized that if the surrogate (or its) components were identified and agreed upon,...

Trans World Airlines (TWA) flight 800 was only twelve minutes into a July 19, 1996 trip from New York to Paris when an in-flight explosion destroyed the passenger jet, plunging it into the Atlantic with 230 people on board. The aircraft was climbing south of the Long Island coast near East Moriches, New York when suddenly, portions of the Boeing 747-131 fuselage beneath the center wing fuel tan...

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), capillary column gas chromatography, and pattern recognition methods were used to develop a potential method for typing jet fuels so a spill sample in the environment can be traced to its source. The test data consisted of gas chromatograms from 180 neat jet fuel samples representing common aviation turbine fuels found in the United States (JP-4, Jet-A, JP-7,...

The aim of this paper is to discuss the hedging techniques that a company based in an emerging market country can use to hedge the risk associated with jet fuel or kerosene. The company can be an airline company or a market intermediary offering contracts on this important commodity. An empirical analysis reveals two main directions for minimum risk hedging: one is to cross-hedge directly the c...

Due to energy shortage and global warming, issues of energy saving have become more important. To increase the energy efficiency and reduce the fuel consumption, waste heat recovery is a significant method for energy saving. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has great potential to recover the waste heat from the core jet exhaust of a turbofan engine and use it to produce power. Preliminary study ...

This paper analyzes alternative jet fuels in terms of how they could change emissions from military and civil aircraft and in terms of the challenges in meeting future energy goals. Estimations of the continental United States (CONUS) conventional jet fuel energy usage for the civil and military aviation fleets were used to inform the magnitude and logistics of where the fuels would be needed. ...

BACKGROUND Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) is one of the technical feasible biofuel technologies. It produces jet fuel from sugary, starchy, and lignocellulosic biomass, such as sugarcane, corn grain, and switchgrass, via fermentation of sugars to ethanol or other alcohols. This study assesses the ATJ biofuel production pathway for these three biomass feedstocks, and advances existing techno-economic anal...