human dignity is examinable at least in three fields: human dignity, divine dignity, and socio-conventional dignity. in this article, due to time limits, we have only dealt with a part of what can be presented about dignity (karāmat), i.e., argumentative proof of human dignity. in general, there are two major systematic methods for confirming the propositions and premises mooted in the context ...

In recent years, a phenomenon has appeared that pervaded the majority of people in Kurdistan Region Iraq, and you rarely find family or one its members who did not participate it, which is sale by installments scourge diversity this matter, as some them buy home furniture, car, housing unit, otherwise. Perhaps reason for emergence limited income some, it easy him to goods he needs pay known ove...

THIS PAPER CONCERNS SOME JURISPRUDENTIAL ISSUES RAISED BY THE abolition of the mandatory life sentence for murder, a step undertaken in New South Wales in 1982— Crimes (Homicide) Amendment Act 1982, Crimes (Life Sentences) Amendment Act 1989— and Victoria in 1986— Crimes (Amendment) Act 1986. It starts, however, with more general issues of sentencing philosophy. The first main section of this p...

The paper introduces an approach to privacy enhancing technologies that sees privacy not merely as an individual right, but as a public good. This understanding of privacy has recently gained ground in the debate on appropriate legal protection for privacy in an online environment. The jurisprudential idea that privacy is a public good and prerequisite for a functioning democracy also entails t...

This Article explores the institutional characteristics of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and places the court’s role in context. The most important institutional question facing the court today involves choosing between two approaches to implementing its special role in the patent system—in one, the court acts as a “decider” of cases, and in the other, it acts as a “manager”...

There exist two broad approaches to information retrieval (IR) in the legal domain: those based on manual knowledge engineering (KE) and those based on natural language processing (NLP). The KE approach is grounded in artificial intelligence (AI) and case-based reasoning (CBR), whilst the NLP approach is associated with open domain statistical retrieval. We provide some original arguments regar...