This paper presents the Kell calculus, a family of distributed process calculi, parameterized by languages for input patterns, that is intended as a basis for studying component-based distributed programming. The Kell calculus is built around a π-calculus core, and follows five design principles which are essential for a foundational model of distributed and mobile programming: hierarchical loc...

the evolution of human blood groups, without doubt, has a history as old as man himself. there are at least three hypotheses about the emergence and mutation of human blood groups. global distribution pattern of blood groups depends on various environmental factors, such as disease, climate, altitude, humidity etc. in this survey, the collection of main blood groups abo and rh, along with some ...

BACKGROUND Knowledge about the frequency of red blood cell-antigen phenotypes in a population can be helpful in the creation of a donor data bank for the preparation of indigenous cell panels and for providing antigen-negative compatible blood to patients with multiple alloantibodies. METHODS ABO and RhD blood grouping was performed on 9,280 continuous voluntary and replacement donors. For ot...

Nowadays we are facing a continuous development of different technical systems using the frequency spectrum. People have more and more devices in their hands, the same ones used by the Defence Forces, as well. While developing them experts have to take into consideration not only the use of advanced technology, but also the ability to offer their products at low cost. In connection with the sys...

OBJECTIVE While routine administration of rhesus (Rh) immunoglobulin has significantly reduced the incidence of Rh alloimmunization, maternal alloimmunization to other red cell antigens remains a contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Although the Kell antigen is seen on the red cells of only 9% of the general population, attention to Kell antibodies continues to increase. CASE REP...

Six blood groups (Rh, MN, Duffy, Kidd, Kell, and Lutheran) were investigated among three major ethnic (Bosniaks, Bosnian Croats, Serbs), as well 10 regional subpopulations across Bosnia Herzegovina (B&H): Krajina; Posavina; northeastern, eastern, middle, central Bosnia; Sarajevo region; central, western Herzegovina. This is the first study that introduces molecular genetic typing of five within...

An automated technique for measuring haemagglutination kinetics is described. Equipment used in this test is very simple and already present in most blood transfusion centres. This method may be used with advantage to differentiate homozygous and heterozygous subjects in Rhesus, MNSs, and Kell systems, and to study antigen variations, especially in genetic investigations.

OBJECTIVE To determine erythrocyte phenotyping in blood donors and patients with sickle cell anemia (SS) treated at Hemocentro of Alagoas and describe the frequency and factors associated with erythrocyte alloimmunization. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 102 SS patients and 100 blood donors. The following tests were performed: erythrocyte phenotyping, Direct and Indirect antiglobulin test,...

Kell-m is a new asynchronous, higher-order process calculus with localities, developed for modelling and verifying distributed event-based systems and applications. Although simple, due to the low level nature of kell-m, considerable effort is required when modelling complex systems. In this report we illustrate how common programming constructs such as variables, procedures, modules and lists ...

abstract background multiple transfusions in thalassemia patients may lead to antibody production against blood group antigens and hemolytic transfusion reaction might occur. in this study, antibody screening test was performed by tube and gel methods to determine the prevalence and specificity of alloantibodies in thalassemia patients. materials and methods in this cross-sectional study, overa...