This paper examines various implications of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), namely Customs Unions (CUs) and Free Trade Areas (FTAs), in the context of a multi-country general equilibrium model based on comparative advantage considerations. We calibrate the model to represent countries with symmetric endowments, and compare the impact of those agreements with free trade and a non-cooperati...

In Belgium, welfare agencies receive a subsidy to employ welfare recipients for a period sufficiently long to entitle them to unemployment benefits. This work experience program is called Social Employment (SE). We investigate the effect of SE on the exit rate from welfare. We propose a grouping/IV estimator of the SE effect that eliminates selection bias. The estimator is consistent, even if t...

This article pursues two tasks. The first is to clarify the value and productivity of Williams’s Keywords: a vocabulary culture society (first edition 1976, second expanded 1983a) for project Cultural Studies. clarification helped, I argue, by reading it alongside Vološinov’s Marxism philosophy language (published in Russian 1929, translated into English 1973). related task speculative developm...


 In the era of Covid-19 pandemic from beginning 2020, company's management implemented policies related to increasing human resources by providing welfare employees various allowance facilities so that work productivity would increase. This study aims determine and examine level associated with through provision employee benefits at company. The research method used is descriptive qualita...