Physical reasoning often involves approximating or abstracting the situation or the theory at hand. This paper studies the nature of approximation and abstraction as applied to the kinematic theory of rigid solid objects. Five categories of approximation are considered: 1. Geometric approximation. 2. Abstraction of a complex kinematic structure by a simpler kinematic structure. For example , th...

three-dimensional position measurements by global positioning system (gps) provide purely geometrical estimate of low earth orbiters (leos) positions. it provides uninterrupted tracking of the leos in three spatial dimensions or the so-called kinematic orbit. this solution relies heavily on the observations. high frequency observation noise, outlying observations and low redundancy number of me...

The aim of this paper is to investigate geometrically nonlinear static analysis of axially functionally graded cantilever beam subjected to transversal non follower load. The considered problem is solved by finite element method with total Lagrangian kinematic approach. The material properties of the beam vary along the longitudinal direction according to the power law function. The finite elem...

An efficient way for the real-time GNSS data processing of CORS stations is to make use of a Kalman filter implementation. Using dual-frequency un-differenced carrier phase and code data as observations, the state vector consists of troposphere zenith delays, differential ionosphere delays, receiver and satellite clock errors and phase ambiguities. Satellite positions are computed in real time ...

In urban transportation planning, it has become critical (1) to determine the travel time of a traveler and how it is affected by congestion, and (2) to understand how traffic distributes in a transportation network. In the first part of this paper, we derive an analytical function of travel time, based on the theory of kinematic waves. This travel-time function integrates the traffic dynamics ...

We asked whether other people’s actions are understood by projecting them onto one’s own action programs and whether this mode of control is functioning in infants? Adults’ and infants’ gaze and hand movements were measured in two live situations. The task was either to move an object between two places in the visual field, or to observe the corresponding action performed by another person. Whe...

in recent years, biodiesel has been considered as a good alternative of diesel fuels. density and viscosity are two important properties of these fuels. in this study, density and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel-diesel blends were estimated by using artificial neural network (ann). a three-layer feed forward neural network with levenberg-marquard (lm) algorithm was used for learning empirical ...

STUDY DESIGN Spine loadings during a variety of lifting exertions were compared with individual torso kinematic abilities. Relationships were evaluated between these measures. OBJECTIVE To determine if trunk kinematic status (functional impairment) is indicative of spine loading increases in patients with low back pain (LBP) compared to asymptomatic individuals. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA R...

Modular and Reconfigurable Robots (MRRs) are those designed to address the increasing demand for flexible and versatile manipulators in manufacturing facilities. The term, modularity, indicates that they are constructed by using a limited number of interchangeable standardized modules which can be assembled in different kinematic configurations. Thereby, a wide variety of specialized robots can...

In recent years, biodiesel has been considered as a good alternative of diesel fuels. Density and viscosity are two important properties of these fuels. In this study, density and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel-diesel blends were estimated by using artificial neural network (ANN). A three-layer feed forward neural network with Levenberg-Marquard (LM) algorithm was used for learning empirical ...