Chapelle (2003) proposed three general types of input enhancement that help L2 learners “acquire features the linguistic they are exposed to during course reading or listening for meaning” (p. 40): salience, modification, and elaboration. In 2010, Cárdenas-Claros Gruba argued Chapelle’s different “can be have been operationalized through options” primarily utilized in teaching reading, listenin...

Childhood experience with a language seems to help adult learners speak it with a more native-like accent. Can analogous benefits be found beyond phonology? This study focused on adult learners of Spanish who had spoken Spanish as their native language before age 7 and only minimally, if at all, thereafter until they began to re-learn Spanish around age 14 years. They were compared with native ...

There is a great individual variability for acquiring syntactic knowledge in a second language (L2). Little is, however, known if there is any anatomical basis in the brain for individual differences in syntactic acquisition. Here we examined brain structures in 95 nonnative speakers of English, including 78 high-school students and 17 adult international students. We found a significant correl...

Following an extensive overview of the subject, this study explores the relationships between secondlanguage (L2) explicit/implicit knowledge sources, embedded in the declarative/procedural memory systems, and L2 working memory (WM) capacity. It further examines the relationships between L2 reading comprehension and L2 WM capacity as well as those between L2 reading comprehension and L2 explici...

This paper takes the view that loanword adaptation results from attempts to match the non-native percept of the L2 input, within the confines of the L1 grammar. Neither a purely perceptual nor a purely grammatical account can explain the facts. The L1 grammar includes constraints specific to mimicking foreign inputs. Where not all aspects can be replicated, the grammar prioritizes. In the Canto...

In L2 development, the cognitive complexity of tasks plays a crucial role in task performance and language features produced. However, there have only been few studies addressing the impact of task complexity on EFL learners' attention to L2 system and form-focused self-repairs (FFS).This study explores the role of increasing cognitive task complexity in EFL learners' form-focused attention (FF...

This study attempted to investigate the impact of teacher’s code-switching on the acquisition of a problematic grammatical structure, namely, object relative clauses, by intermediate EFL learners. Moreover, a secondary objective of the study was to determine the EFL learners’ attitudes and opinions regarding the effectiveness of teacher’s code-switching in their learning of a specific aspect of...

teachers can influence the complex process of learning in education, in general, and in second/foreign language (l2) learning in particular. in this light, understanding the factors influencing teachers’ pedagogical success can help l2 teachers achieve more effective teaching. this study then investigated the role of spiritual intelligence (si) in l2 teachers’ pedagogical success. in so doing, ...

presenting a brief description of bilingualism and its correlation with cognitive development and 3rd language learning, the present research primarily aims to compare the knowledge of english vocabulary and grammar in a sample of monolingual and bilingual high school students (fourth graders) of fars and khuzestan provinces in iran. to fulfill this objective, 448 monolingual and bilingual stud...