In the United States, women's labor force participation has been persistently below that of men's for decades. This Commentary describes three contributors to this divide -- way in which States taxes opposite-sex married couples, how social security benefits are allocated, and cost childcare reviews economic literature quantifying their impact on women.

The focus of this paper is on the implications of income uncertainty for the optimal labor supply. The meaningful distinction between Knightian uncertainty, which is often attributed to Frank Knight (1921), and risk is allowed. Agents are both uncertainty averse and risk averse. The labor-leisure and the labor-leisure-saving choices are studied under Knightian uncertainty in one-period and two-...

We estimate a semiparametric dynamic panel data model by the local linear kernel method and we interpret the slope of the nonparametric component function as a varying slope coefficient. Thus, the slope coefficient is a smooth, but otherwise unknown, function of some of the regressors. A Monte Carlo experiment is reported to examine the finite sample performance of the local linear estimator. W...