The obturator foramen is a large opening in the hip bone situated below and anterior to the acetabulum. The obturator foramen is enclosed by the obturator membrane, apart from the part above near the obturator groove, where the obturator vessels and nerve pass through. The present study reports multiple openings in the obturator foramen detected incidentally in a left hip bone specimen and disc...

We report three design principles for obtaining extra-large pore openings and cages in the metal-organic analogues of inorganic zeolites, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). Accordingly, we prepared a series of 15 ZIFs, members of which have the largest pore opening (22.5 Å) and the largest cage size (45.8 Å) known for all porous tetrahedral structures. The key parameter allowing us to acce...

Long-lasting mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) openings damage mitochondria, but transient mPTP openings protect against chronic cardiac stress. To probe the mechanism, we subjected isolated cardiac mitochondria to gradual Ca(2+) loading, which, in the absence of BSA, induced long-lasting mPTP opening, causing matrix depolarization. However, with BSA present to mimic cytoplasmic...

We present a dynamical analysis of the transport through small quantum cavities with large openings. The systematic suppression of shot noise is used to distinguish direct, deterministic from indirect, indeterministic transport processes. The analysis is based on quantum mechanical calculations of S matrices and their poles for quantum billiards with convex boundaries of different shape and two...

Full-scale experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods were used to investigate buoyancy-driven single-sided natural ventilation with large openings. Detailed airflow characteristics inside and outside of the room and the ventilation rate were measured. The experimental data were used to validate two CFD models: Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation (RANS) modeling and large ...

A large-conductance calcium channel in chicken dorsal root ganglion neurons was studied with patch-clamp recordings of unitary currents. In addition to the conventional pattern of Ca-channel gating previously described in neurons ("mode 1"), we observed a different form of gating behavior ("mode 2"). Unlike the brief (approximately equal to 1 ms) openings in mode 1, mode 2 openings tend to be l...

The sequence of structural changes that occur during synaptic vesicle exocytosis was studied by quick-freezing muscles at different intervals after stimulating their nerves, in the presence of 4-aminopyridine to increase the number of transmitter quanta released by each stimulus. Vesicle openings began to appear at the active zones of the intramuscular nerves within 3-4 ms after a single stimul...

The development of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) channel function in Xenopus myotomal muscle was studied by single-channel recordings from cell-attached patches of nonjunctional membrane in vivo. AChR channels were studied from the time of their first appearance on the muscle membrane until the time of full maturity of the muscle. Two predominant amplitude classes of AChR channels were observed...