In this paper, we evaluate the liberal claim that democratic states devote fewer resources to their militaries. Low military spending is thought to avert conflict spirals and release more resources to fund domestic programs. While prominent in many liberal international relations theories, most notably in Immanuel Kant’s, this proposition has received little empirical scrutiny. Using several in...

Epidemiology has features that resemble those of the traditional liberal arts. This makes it fit both for inclusion in an undergraduate curriculum and as an example in medical school of the continuing value of a liberal education. As a "low-technology" science, epidemiology is readily accessible to nonspecialists. Because it is useful for taking a first look at a new problem, it is applicable t...

Objectives The TITRe2 trial is comparing two haemoglobin (Hb) thresholds for RBC transfusion after cardiac surgery, Hb<9.0g/dl (liberal) vs. Hb<7.5g/dl (restrictive). Based on historic data, and with complete adherence, transfusion rates should be 100% in the liberal and 30% in the restrictive group. Convergence of these rates due to non-adherence severely threatens the power of the trial; ther...

It has been argued, based upon national polling and mid-term election results, that Britain’s Liberal Democrats will lose a substantial number of seats at the next general election. However, such argument is in danger of underestimating the unique importance of strong local party organisation and incumbency to the Liberal Democrats as a platform for subsequent general electoral success. This ar...

This paper extends the analysis of liberal principles in social choice recently proposed by Mariotti and Veneziani (2009a) to in…nitely-lived societies. First, some novel characterisations of inegalitarian leximax social welfare relations are derived based on the Individual Bene…t Principle (IBP), which incorporates a liberal, non-interfering view of society. This is surprising because the IBP ...

A novel experimental paradigm for measuring state paranoia by means of signal detection theory was evaluated. A liberal response bias, indicating the tendency to recognize facial expressions as threatening, was expected to reflect paranoia. Against theoretical expectations, heightened paranoia questionnaire scores were associated with a non-liberal bias, which was not affected by negative emoti...

Legislative speech records from the 101st to 108th Congresses of the US Senate are analysed to study political ideologies. A widely-used text classification algorithm – Support Vector Machines (SVM) – allows the extraction of terms that are most indicative of conservative and liberal positions in legislative speeches and the prediction of senators’ ideological positions, with a 92 per cent leve...

background: this paper aims to examine the reproductive health and behaviors which might expose young people at risks of stis/hiv and potential correlates of such behaviors among female college students in tehran. methods: this paper focuses on the study conducted on a sample of 1743 female undergraduate students in four multidisciplinary universities in tehran during 2005-2006 using a two-stag...

There is a counterintuitive gap in the club theory of religion. While it elegantly accounts for the notable success of strict sectarian religious groups in recruiting members and maintaining commitment, it exhibits less satisfactory properties when used to account for groups requiring neither extreme nor zero sacrifice. Such corner solutions, compared to the moderate middle, are rarely observed...

Although a variety of supertree methods has been proposed, our understanding of these methods is limited. In turn, this limits the potential for biologists who seek to construct supertrees to make informed choices among the available methods. In this chapter we distinguish between supertree methods that offer a conservative synthesis of the relationships that are agreed upon or uncontradicted b...