UNLABELLED The Integral System is a total care management system based on the Integral Theory which states 'prolapse and symptoms of urinary stress, urge, abnormal bowel & bladder emptying, and some forms of pelvic pain, mainly arise, for different reasons, from laxity in the vagina or its supporting ligaments, a result of altered connective tissue'. NORMAL FUNCTION The organs are suspended b...

This article describes a case of an ankle fracture following hip arthroscopy. A 58-year-old woman underwent hip arthroscopy for a labral tear. She was placed in a lateral decubitus position with her foot in a padded boot. Traction was maintained for approximately 30 minutes. She was instructed to bear weight as tolerated with crutches postoperatively. At 2-week follow-up, she reported ipsilater...

Chronic ankle instability can be a disabling condition requiring surgical correction. The Brostrom procedure is the most common repair technique used for primary repair of the lateral ankle ligaments. Infrequently, this procedure fails and requires revisional surgery. Revisional cases necessitate augmentation to strengthen the repair. Highdemand athletes, patients with high Body Mass Indexes, a...

An association between lateral patellar dislocation (LPD) and medial collateral ligament injury (MCL) has recently been demonstrated on MRI. The same valgus injury that disrupts the femoral MCL insertion can also cause a simultaneous MPFL tear at its femoral insertion, due to the close anatomical relationship of both ligamentous structures. Valgus laxity due to MCL-deficiency increases the Q-an...

Biomechanical studies have shown that repair or plication of rotator interval (RI) ligamentous and capsular structures decreases glenohumeral joint laxity in various directions. Clinical outcomes studies have reported successful outcomes after repair or plication of these structures in patients undergoing shoulder stabilization procedures. Recent studies describing arthroscopic techniques to ad...

Wandering spleen is an uncommon clinical entity, which rarely affects children and adolescents. It is usually described in adults, being most common in the multiparous women of childbearing age. A case of a 14-year-old girl with a past history of splenomegaly and immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency, who presented with a sudden onset of abdominal pain, is presented. Diagnosis of hemoperitoneum sec...

Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is one of the well-known immuno-osseous dysplasias (IOD), which are a combination of skeletal dysplasia and immunodeficiency. It is characterized by disproportionate short stature, fine sparse hair, ligamentous laxity, hematological abnormalities with anemia, a predisposition to malignant tumors, and recurrent infections usually due to cellular and/or humoral imm...

Originally the main idea was to obtain a stable patella, i.e., to stabilize the "slipping patella". In the past many conditions like patella alta, ligamentous laxity, PF bone hypoplasia, weakness of the quadriceps muscle, genu valgum or genu recurvatum were thought to predispose to patellar instability. For a long period muscle exercises were instituted to strengthen the weak m.vastus medialis ...

Foot and ankle specialists acknowledge that flatfoot deformity is a frequently encountered pathology in the pediatric population. Flattening of the medial arch is a universal finding in flatfoot and it is common in both pediatric and adult populations. Pediatric flatfoot comprises a group of conditions occurring in infants, children, and adolescents (1) that are distinguished by anatomy and eti...

INTRODUCTION Hypotonia, or decreased muscle tone, is a common diagnosis in infants and children. The presence of hypotonia is generally indicative of an underlying neuromuscular or genetic disorder, including Down syndrome. In conjunction with decreased muscle tone, children with hypotonia typically exhibit ligamentous laxity and instability of the lower limb joints, which may result in abnorma...