INTRODUCTION For most tetrapod vertebrates, limb bones play a crucial role in the support of the body and transmission of muscular and propulsive forces. The forces to which limb bones are exposed during terrestrial locomotion likely impose some of the highest loads that these structures experience (Biewener, 1990; Biewener, 1993). However, a growing body of data now indicates that substantial ...

The objective of this retrospective study was to report the clinical use, advantages, disadvantages, complications and outcome of an epoxy putty external skeletal fixator (EPESF) used for the repair of fractures of all four main metatarsal or metacarpal bones in a single limb in 11 dogs and 11 cats. The aim of this technique was to achieve satisfactory alignment of the proximal and distal joint...

Abstract This paper presents a novel fiber-based muscle model for the forward dynamics of musculoskeletal system. While bones are represented by rigid bodies, muscles taken into account means one-dimensional cables that obey laws continuum mechanics. In contrast to standard force elements such as Hill-type model, this approach is close real physiology and also avoids issue wobbling masses. On o...

An adult, Japanese domestic cat presented with bilateral swelling, distortion, and erythema of ears and deformation of the limbs. Biopsy of the pinnae confirmed auricular chondritis. These lesions and the cat's general condition subsequently deteriorated, and the cat died. At necropsy, chondral changes were present in the pinnae, costae, larynx, trachea, and limbs. Histopathologically, these ch...

Salamanders are often used as representatives of the basal tetrapod body plan in functional studies, but little is known about the loads experienced by their limb bones during locomotion. Although salamanders' slow walking speeds might lead to low locomotor forces and limb bone stresses similar to those of non-avian reptiles, their highly sprawled posture combined with relatively small limb bon...

Primary vascular neoplasms of bone are rare and have a poor prognosis. Angiosarcoma of bone originates in vascular endothelial cells within bone tissue. Patients may present with unifocal or multifocal osseous disease. The most commonly involved bones are femur and tibia, followed by pelvis, vertebral column and bones of the upper limb. Here we present a 72-year-old male patient who had primary...

Introduction: Main source of nutrition to long bone during growth and ossification is nutrient artery. Nutrient canal opens as foramen on the surface shaft which conducts artery peripheral nerves bones. provides more than 60-70% blood supply bone, 30- 40% through periosteal, metaphyseal epiphyseal vessels. Aim: To determine number foramina, its position shaft, size direction foramina either tow...

Objectives The goal of this study was to quantify external and internal anatomical characteristics of the foal foot throughout the first year of age. Methods Digital radiographs and photographs were taken bimonthly of the forefeet of nine Arabian foals, beginning at about 2 weeks of age until 12 months of age. Sixty-eight linear and angular variables were measured using NIH (National Institutes...

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