Caeruleanone A (1), a novel rotenoid with an unprecedented arrangement of the D-ring, was isolated with another two new analogues, caeruleanones B (2) and C (3), together with 11 known rotenoids from the fruits of Millettia caerulea. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic data analysis, with that of 1 being confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 2...

We examined the seasonal patterns of physiology and biochemical composition in the rock-dwelling clausiliid land snail Albinaria caerulea in relation to its ecology, morphology and climatic data. We found that A. caerulea displayed significant seasonal changes in biochemical composition and enzyme activity, especially during aestivation. Sugars were catabolized early in aestivation, and protein...

Recent work has confirmed that genetic compatibility among mates can be an important determinant of siring success in sperm competition experiments and in free-ranging populations. Most of this work points towards mate choice of less related mates. However, there may also be the potential for mate choice for intermediate or even genetically similar mates to prevent outbreeding depression or hyb...

Environmental conditions can alter the outcomes of symbiotic interactions. Many amphibian species have declined due to chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), but many others persist despite high Bd infection prevalence. This indicates that Bd's virulence is lower, or it may even be a commensal, in some hosts. In the Australian Wet Tropics, chytrid...

In vitro rooting as one of the most critical steps micropropagation is affected by various extrinsic (e.g., medium composition, auxins) and intrinsic factors species, explant). Passiflora in adventitious a difficult, complex, non-linear process. Since multivariable complex biological process, efficient reliable computational approaches such machine learning (ML) are required to model, predict, ...

In arms races between predators and prey, some evolved tactics are unbeatable by the other player. For example, many types of prey are inedible because they have evolved chemical defenses. In this case, prey death removes any selective advantage of toxicity to the prey but not the selective advantage to a predator of being able to consume the prey. In the absence of effective selection for post...

It has been hypothesized that white plumage facilitates flock formation in Ardeidae. We conducted four experiments using decoys to test factors involved in attracting wading birds to a specific pond. The first three experiments tested the effects of plumage colouration, flock size, and species-specific decoys on flock formation. The fourth experiment examined intraspecific differences in flock ...

Sama Rezasoltani1, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini Mojarrad2, Mohsen Norouzinia2, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei1 1Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and ...