Retrospective voting studies typically examine policies where the public has common interests. By contrast, climate policy has broad public support but concentrated opposition in communities where costs are imposed. This spatial distribution of weak supporters and strong, local opponents mirrors opposition to other policies with diffuse public benefits and concentrated local costs. I use a natu...

In this study, we attempt to bring to light various organisational and implementational clashes relevant to the conceptualisation of language policies at national level, and the planning of local practices with regard to degree programmes, language journals and conferences in Iranian higher education. We also prove that in its current status, the ELT syllabus in Iran, both at national and local...

International concerns about climate change and environmental socio-economic impacts linked to fossil fuels have pushed energy transition up the agenda of Chinese central government. The government recognises that requires actions beyond what sector can deliver, has thus called for policy integration. Climate integration emerged as one key strategies respond by incorporating diverse perspective...

turkey as a country located between the main energy resources and the european :union: can play the role of a natural bridge in energy transportation. the eu countries have always tried to find some alternative routes for russian energy pipelines and turkey could be one of the best options. although turkey is poor in oil and natural gas resources, however, this country can play a strategic role...

in the mid 14th century, fars state was a suitable destination for immigrants from everywhere and various classes and nations, because of some reasons like the mongol invasion toward its surrounding in comparison to its security and stability, flourishing in the commerce and civil life in shiraz. so ethnologically, fars state had a complex combination of native zoroastrians, new converted musli...

In the ten years since committing to clean energy transition, China has formulated a large number of policies and programs to achieve some very ambitious targets. This paper argues that the dearth of empirical studies concerning the implementation of these new policies and programs has created a knowledge gap between official policy documents, which are vague and lacking in specifics, and offic...

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provide a natural framework to design applications that continuously make decisions based on noisy sensor measurements. The recent proliferation of smart phones and other wearable devices leads to new applications where, unfortunately, energy efficiency becomes an issue. To circumvent energy requirements, finite-state controllers can be ap...