The Xa1 gene in rice confers resistance to Japanese race 1 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal pathogen of bacterial blight (BB). We isolated the Xa1 gene by a map-based cloning strategy. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Xa1 gene product contains nucleotide binding sites (NBS) and a new type of leucine-rich repeats (LRR); thus, Xa1 is a member of the NBS-LRR class of plant diseas...

Plant innate immunity relies on the recognition of pathogen effector molecules by nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptor families. Previously we have shown the N immune receptor, a member of TIR-NB-LRR family, indirectly recognizes the 50 kDa helicase (p50) domain of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) through its TIR domain. We have identified an N receptor-interacting protein,...

The purpose of this study was: (i) to validate and detect copy number variations (CNV) in the cattle genome, and (ii) to find associations between CNV and feed efficiency traits. Average daily gain and dry matter intake were obtained from 3,884 beef cattle. Animals were genotyped with the panels of 50,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) or 770,000 SNP. The log R ratio (LRR) was used as an...

Toll like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway plays a central role in inflammatory responses through the recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs. Toll-like 4 (TLR4) is well known for LPS gram-negative bacteria leading to production cytokines. Modulation TLR gene different tissues indicates functional importance innate immunity. The aim this study was clone characterize TLR4 evaluate its constitutive tissu...

In eudicot plants, the miR482/miR2118 superfamily regulates and instigates the production of phased secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from NB-LRR (nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat) genes that encode disease resistance proteins. In grasses, this miRNA family triggers siRNA production specifically in reproductive tissues from long noncoding RNAs. To understand this functional diverg...

Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins serve as intracellular sensors to detect pathogen effectors and trigger immune responses. Transcription of the NB-LRR-encoding Resistance (R) genes needs to be tightly controlled to avoid inappropriate defense activation. How the expression of the NB-LRR R genes is regulated is poorly understood. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thalian...

Plant resistance ( R ) genes encode proteins that mediate the recognition of corresponding pathogen-encoded avirulence (Avr) proteins, triggering localized cell death (the hypersensitive response) and systemic acquired resistance. A large number of R genes have been characterized from numerous plant species that collectively confer resistance to a wide range of pathogens, including viral, bacte...

Plants and animals deploy intracellular immune receptors that perceive specific pathogen effector proteins and microbial products delivered into the host cell. We demonstrate that the ADR1 family of Arabidopsis nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NBLRR) receptors regulates accumulation of the defense hormone salicylic acid during three different types of immune response: (i) ADRs are requir...

Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that mediate the activation of inflammatory caspases. One central component of inflammasomes is nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)- and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing proteins (NLRs) that can function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In resting cells, NLR proteins exist in an auto-inhibited, monomeric, and ADP-bound state. Perception of ...

P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica, with the local name of Baneh, is a wild medicinal plant which grows in Kurdistan, Iran.  The identification of resistance gene analogs holds great promise for the development of resistant cultivars. A PCR approach with degenerate primers designed according to conserved NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat) regions of known disease-resistance (R) gene...