Lymphocytes are generated in primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, and migrate to the lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, and spleen, known as secondary lymphoid organs, where the immune responses occur. Lymphocytes that migrate to the lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches emigrate through the efferent lymph, unless they encounter their cognate antigens. Lymphocytes that emigrate thr...

PURPOSE To determine the afferent pathways linking the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye to the secondary lymphoid organs. METHODS Single intracameral, subconjunctival, or intravenous injections and topical application on the conjunctiva of 3 muL (30 mug) of cascade-blue-labeled Dextran (CB-Dx) were performed in Lewis rats. In addition, bilateral intracameral injections (CB-Dx into the right A...

The addition of monophosphoryl lipid A, a minimally toxic derivative of LPS, to nonmucosally administered vaccines induced both systemic and mucosal immune responses to coadministered Ags. This was dependent on an up-regulated expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1, 1alphaOHase), the enzyme that converts 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, a circulating inactive metabolite of vitamin D(3), into 1,25(...

It has been suggested that a switch in chemokine receptor expression underlies Langerhans cell migration from skin to lymphoid tissue. Activated cells are thought to down-regulate CCR6, whose ligand macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3 alpha)/CCL20 is expressed in skin, and up-regulate CCR7, whose ligands are in lymphoid tissues. In Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), pathologic Lang...

To investigate the differential expression of various types of leukocyte common antigen (LCA) isoforms during development, we analyzed human fetal lymphoid organs, including the thymus, liver, spleen, and bone marrow from 14 weeks to 29 weeks of gestational age by immunohistochemical and flow cytometric methods. In fetal thymus, over 90% of thymocytes throughout the entire fetal life expressed ...

Although they are classically viewed as continuously recirculating through the lymphoid organs and blood, lymphocytes also establish residency in non-lymphoid tissues, most prominently at barrier sites, including the mucosal surfaces and skin. These specialized tissue-resident lymphocyte subsets span the innate-adaptive continuum and include innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), unconventional T cells ...

The effect of soluble antigenic (bovine serum albumin, BSA) stimulation to induce steroidogenesis in murine lymphoid organs with concomitant changes in proinflammatory or inflammatory cytokine levels and its implication in the alteration of T-cell response was studied in the mice. Male Swiss albino mice (6-8 weeks old) with average body weight (20 +/- 4 g) were randomly assigned to 3 groups and...

The mechanism by which Bordetella pertussis organisms and their products induce lymphocytosis in mice was analyzed in terms of the localization of syngeneic Cr-51-labeled lymph node cells. Labeled lymphoid cells incubated in vitro with the supernatant of B. pertussis cultures and then injected intravenously into normal recipients, or labeled cells injected into pertussis-treated recipients were...

In this communication, the contribution of stromal, or non-hematopoietic, cells to the structure and function of lymph nodes (LNs), as canonical secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), is compared to that of tertiary lymphoid tissue or organs (TLOs), also known as ectopic lymphoid tissues. TLOs can arise in non-lymphoid organs during chronic inflammation, as a result of autoimmune responses, graft re...

Susceptible strains of mice that are naturally or experimentally infected with murine intestinal helicobacter species develop hepatic inflammatory lesions that have previously been described as chronic active hepatitis. The inflammatory infiltrates in some models of chronic autoimmunity or inflammation resemble tertiary lymphoid organs hypothesized to arise by a process termed lymphoid organ ne...