Three types of microbead calibrators available for quantitative fluorescence flow cytometry have been studied in parallel using a variety of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). The QIFI kit is designed for indirect immunofluorescence (IF), and both the Quantum Simply Cellular (QSC) assay and the Quanti-BRITE assay are designed for direct IF. Because of the different nature of the respective ligands,...

CTL, both CD4+ and CD8+, are essential in the eradication of intracellular pathogens. Data generated using murine T cells have suggested a critical role for CD95 (Fas, Apo-1) in CD4+ T cell-induced apoptosis of target cells. In contrast, CD8+ CTL predominantly use the perforin/granzyme lytic pathway. At present little is known about the mechanism of CD4+ CTL lytic function during intracellular ...

agent oriented software engineering (aose) is an emerging field in computer science  and  proposes some systematic ideas for multi agent systems analysis, implementation and maintenance. despite the various methodologies introduced in the agent-oriented software engineering, the main challenges are defects in different aspects of methodologies. according to the defects resulted from weaknesses ...

BACKGROUND Culture of S. Typhi is necessary for the definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever and provides isolates for antibiotic susceptibility testing and epidemiological studies. However, current methods are not fully optimised and sourcing culture media and bottles for culture media may be problematic. METHODOLOGY In two hospital laboratories in Viet Nam, comparisons of media for blood and s...

It was reported by Freeman (1951) and Freeman and Morse (1952) that exposure of certain nontoiigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae to specific bacteriophage resulted in the appearance of toxigenic C. diphtheriae which were resistant to the bacteriophage. It was established further by Freeman (1951) that all toxigenic cells isolated from the resistant growth were lysogenic, carrying a p...

PURPOSE Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) is the most promising molecular marker described for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to date. We investigated whether transduction of monocytes from peripheral blood with adenovirus encoding the CA9 gene (AdV-CA9) could stimulate a T-cell mediated immune response against cancer cells expressing CA9. The ability to consistently generate a T-cell response is an impor...

The conditioning of biosolids is a growing issue due to extremely large increases in production of this waste, escalating disposal costs and inefficient use of produced methane. One approach to improve biosolids utilization is treating waste activated sludge (WAS) before anaerobic digestion to enhance digestion, increase methane production and lower biosolids production. Cavitation is the dynam...

In Ireland, to date, coronary thrombolytic therapy has been confined almost exclusively to the use of streptokinase. However, a large body of evidence suggests that, in comparison to streptokinase, the agent recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) may be more effective in lysing coronary thrombi and achieving coronary reperfusion and causes fewer disturbances of the coagulation sy...