Plant immunity responses are initiated upon recognition of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that trigger a network of cellular signalling events. Our research emphasis is on two aspects of the cellular signal transduction, viz. calcium and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling. Calcium flux is one of the earliest events following MAMP perception. Several know...

BACKGROUND Probiotic bacteria are increasingly used as immunomodulatory agents. Yet detailed molecular knowledge on the immunomodulatory molecules of these bacteria is lagging behind. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is considered a major microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) of Gram-positive bacteria. However, many details and quantitative data on its immune signalling capacity are still unknown,...

Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), conserved structures typical of a microbial class, triggers immune responses in eukaryotes. This is accompanied by a diverse set of physiological responses that are thought to enhance defense activity in plants. However, the extent and mechanisms by which MAMP-induced events contribute to host immunity are poorly understood. Here we ...

Plants recognize microbes via specific pattern recognition receptors that are activated by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), resulting in MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Successful pathogens bypass MTI in genetically diverse hosts via deployment of effectors (virulence factors) that inhibit MTI responses, leading to pathogen proliferation. Plant pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas ...

The relationship of the form of ventricular anodal strength-interval curves to the types of arrhythmias induced by trains of low-intensity stimuli was studied in 16 dogs. Strength-interval curves were determined after basic atrial driven beats and after induced premature ventricular depolarizations. The test stimuli for these determinations were 2-msec anodal square waves delivered in 1-msec de...