BACKGROUND Practising the martial art of taekwon-do (TKD) has been proposed to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular fitness as well as general physical ability. Furthermore, TKD masters and participants have promoted TKD as a total fitness programme. Research studies substantiating this, however, seem to be lacking, perhaps because TKD is recognised more as a method of self defence than a ...

The effects of reinforcement and extinction on response variability and stimulus generalization in the punching and kicking techniques of 2 martial arts students were evaluated across drill and sparring conditions. During both conditions, the students were asked to demonstrate different techniques in response to an instructor's punching attack. During baseline, the students received no feedback...

Short abstract, isn't it?

Willingness to lay down one's life for a group of non-kin, well documented historically and ethnographically, represents an evolutionary puzzle. Building on research in social psychology, we develop a mathematical model showing how conditioning cooperation on previous shared experience can allow individually costly pro-group behavior to evolve. The model generates a series of predictions that w...

BACKGROUND Grunting is pervasive in many athletic contests, and empirical evidence suggests that it may result in one exerting more physical force. It may also distract one's opponent. That grunts can distract was supported by a study showing that it led to an opponent being slower and more error prone when viewing tennis shots. An alternative explanation was that grunting masks the sound of a ...

purpose taekwondo, as the most popular martial art among iranian sportsmen, might lead to injury for the athletes of this sport during competitions. we decided to report the incidence rate of injuries sustained by the athletes of this sport during national competitions. methods all competitions of iran national championship taekwondo league in 2006-2007 with 204 athletes were observed prospecti...

purpose post exercise proteinuria and increased urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase (ggt) levels can be indicative of exercise-induced renal damage. the aim of this investigation is to study the effect of one session of intensive training on renal damage markers and compare their values to those 6 hours after training. methods in this cross-sectional study with pre- and post-test design, 10 elit...

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Taijiquan is quintessence of Chinese traditional martial arts culture, is a treasure in Chinese culture, having developed in China for several hundred years, and is a kind of sports events that can build one’s body and be beneficial to vital energy as well as prolong life. As quintessence of China’s martial arts, Taijiquan development status in China still has large room to develop. The paper m...