The way we study material influences how well we retain it. Psychologists have established that spaced practice leads to better long-term retention of declarative knowledge (facts such as foreign language vocabulary) than massed practice. However, determining the appropriate amount of time between practice sessions is complex and depends on the duration of time over which the material must be a...

Learning is highly regulated by the pattern of training. In Aplysia, an important organism for the development of cellular and molecular models of learning, spaced versus massed application of the same stimulus leads to different forms of memory. A critical molecular step underlying memory is the serotonin (5HT)-mediated activation of the novel PKC Apl II. Here, we demonstrate that activation o...

Most software packages available for particle tracing focus on visualizing steady or unsteady vector elds by using massless particle trajectories. For many applications, however, the use of massed and evaporating particles would provide a model of physical processes that could be used in product testing or design. In this article we describe the TrackPack toolkit, which provides an integrated i...

The Morris water maze and the object displacement task are two popular tools used to investigate spatial learning and memory. Research has focused mainly on the acquisition of spatial tasks while little attention has been given to the retention phase. We examined the effects of different training procedures on retention of the water maze and also reactivity to spatial change in the object displ...

Effects of massed repetition on the modulation of the late positive potential elicited during affective picture viewing were investigated in two experiments. Despite a difference in the number of repetitions across studies (from 5 to 30), results were quite similar: The late positive potential continued to be enhanced when participants viewed emotional, compared to neutral, pictures. On the oth...

Using 5 experiments, the authors explored the dependency of spacing effects on rehearsal patterns. Encouraging rehearsal borrowing produced opposing effects on mixed lists (containing both spaced and massed repetitions) and pure lists (containing only one or the other), magnifying spacing effects on mixed lists but diminishing spacing effects on pure lists. Rehearsing with borrowing produced la...

Laboratory studies suggest that long term retention of Mathematics learning is enhanced by spaced, as opposed to massed, practice. However, little evidence has been evinced to demonstrate that such spaced learning has a positive impact in real world learning environments, at least partly because of entrenched pedagogy and practice, whereby students are encouraged to engage with Mathematics in a...