The aim of this study was to clarify the nerve distribution of the masseter, temporalis, and zygomaticomandibularis (ZM) muscles to elucidate the phylogenetic traits of canine mastication. A detailed dissection was made of 15 hemisectioned heads of adult beagle dogs. The innervations of the masticatory nerve twigs exhibited a characteristic pattern and were classified into seven groups. Twig in...

Abstract Over the last two decades, senior author (B.H.) has had an extensive experience with facial paralysis reconstruction. During this period, techniques have evolved substantially based on and after observing analyzing surgical outcomes. The purpose of article is to relay lessons learned from 20 years' suggest algorithm. In retrospective study, we included 343 cases cases. Complete were 28...

Facial musculature is divided into masticatory muscles, i.e. M. masseter and M. buccalis, with bony insertions and smaller facial muscles involved in facial expression, which insert into bone and skin. There are four fixed osteocutaneous points of the face, i.e. zygomatic (Mac Gregor), mandibular (Furnas), orbital (Psillakis), and masseteric with an antigravitational effect and functional role ...

OBJECTIVES To define (1) at-risk structures during the orthodromic temporalis tendon transfer and (2) achievable tendon length without temporal releasing incisions or perioral lengthening materials. METHODS Ten fresh cadavers provided 20 hemifaces for dissection. Measurements and photographic documentation were used to examine the parotid duct, masseteric artery, inferior alveolar nerve, inte...

The lower jaw is a light, beam-like structure. When loaded by muscle tensions, it can bend parasagittally and laterally, and twist longitudinally. Its essentially-frictionless articulations with the skull normally work in compression while allowing condylar pitch, jaw, roll and translation. The upper part of the jaw motion envelope is constrained by dental contact, while the lower is shaped by ...