The United States has been pushing for foreign patent protection through free trade agreements and the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). A gravity model using panel data from 1993 to 2007 suggests that foreign patent protection has not significantly increased the United States’ trade of pharmaceuticals. Other factors are stron...

The business literature and recent descriptive evidence show that exporting firms typically require the help of foreign trade intermediaries or need to set up own foreign wholesale affiliates. In contrast, conventional trade theory models assume that producers can directly access foreign consumers. This paper introduces intermediaries in an international trade model where producers differ with ...

This paper investigates the determinants of the real exchange rate (RER) in Ethiopia. In particular, it assesses whether large capital inflows (e.g. foreign aid and remittances) have an impact on the RER. This empirical exercise tries to improve the current literature in a number of ways: (i) the use of quarterly data provides a larger sample size and enables the modelling of important intra-ye...

As more manufacturing is moved to the developing countries, policy makers become concerned with the environmental consequence. Relatively lenient environmental policies in the developing countries may give them a comparative advantage in pollution intensive goods, and openness to trade and foreign direct investment might harm the host country’s environment. This study examines the relationship ...

temperature profile determination in soils under adverse conditions of variable heat capacity and conductivity is a rather hard task. the heat capacity and conductivity are moisture dependent and both vary with the soil density. moisture movement on the other hand is temperature dependent and so the two interact. no single mathematical formulae as yet exists for anticipating the temperature dis...

1831 As a factor influencing productivity, a country's own research and development to generate new technology is more important than that of the average foreign country. It is generally difficult to separate the effect of importing intermediate goods with embodied technology from the effect of other channels of international technology transmission. According to this study, international trade...

A brief description of the importance of communicable diseases in history and the development of mathematical modelling of disease transmission is given. This includes reasons for mathematical modelling, the history of mathematical modelling from the foundations laid in the late nineteenth century to the present, some of the accomplishments of mathematical modelling, and some challenges for the...