In recent decades, national governments and international authorities have increasingly emphasized the role of legal institutions in restoring order after political violence. This study explores how, following the 1994 genocide, the Rwandan government created new decentralized grassroots legal forums that aimed to produce community out of a divided population. The legal institutions were design...

New nuclear nations are more prone to militarized conflict, though the overall effect of nuclear weapons on conventional disputes is neutral (Horowitz 2009, Gartzke & Jo 2009). Several processes might explain the non-linear relationship between proliferation and conflict. Nominal nuclear status could constitute a capability shock, altering the balance of power and increasing the probability of ...

This paper examines how interest group pressure influences the choice of trade negotiation strategies. Political economy studies have largely focused on explanations of protectionism, and export promotion has received less attention. Similarly, institutional studies give more attention to why states choose to violate or comply with international rules, without examining the decision by states t...

To capture the role of politics in tourism, we propose a novel measure to quantify political relations based on text analysis published diplomatic statements. We explain how affect outbound tourist flows from China Japan and Korea. Estimated monthly data (1997m1-2018m12), our model shows China-Japan disputes Korea China-Korea clashes influence number Chinese tourists going Japan. The effects ar...

Abstract In the wake of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and the ensuing dominance of political Islam discourse and its impact on Pakistani society, the ground was prepared for the spread of Wahhabism and anti-Shiism in that country due to the failure of the Islamabad government to manage the reactive conduct of extremist Salafist groups as well as its engagement in internal dis...

Nowadays, a noticeable part of the relations among the states turn around the environment protection. Therefore, the right for ever-creasing use of the existing resources of this inland sea cannot be exclusive to any Caspian State and the aftermath involves all countries of this basin. In this respect, agreement on political border and boundaries with the Caspian Sea?s ecosystem is a difficul...

I use the example of the 2000 US Presidential election to show that political controversies with technical underpinnings are not resolved by technical means. Then, drawing from examples such as climate change, genetically modified foods, and nuclear waste disposal, I explore the idea that scientific inquiry is inherently and unavoidably subject to becoming politicized in environmental controver...

abstract west asia is a critical geopolitical region of eurasia. this region is a geographical center of crisis in all aspects. it is also an artificial term invented by the united states instead of the greater middle east. this geographical concept coves two regions stretching from the persian gulf to the caspian/ central asia. this region is recognized as the arab middle east, too. in the per...

It is a piece of idle senthentality that truth, merely as truth, has any inherent power denied to error, or prevailing against the dungeon and the stake. Men are not more zealous for truth than they often are for error, and a sufficient application oflegal or even of social penalties will generally succeed in stopping the propagation of either. The real advantage which truth has, consists in th...