In the literature, token status is more threatening for women than for men. We suggest that the impact of minority status on self-evaluations of boys and girls might depend on the performance context. To test this hypothesis, pupils in the majority or minority by gender took an academic test either in a context favorable to boys (a working-group condition) or favorable to girls (an intergender-...

Many people claim to have known who was calling before they picked up the telephone, or to have thought about someone for no apparent reason, who then called. We carried out a series of experiments to test whether or not people really could tell who was telephoning. Each participant had four potential callers, and when the telephone rang had to guess who was calling before the other person spok...

ed acoustic descriptions to an acoustically matching response. This is where the requirement for information at a higher level than the acoustic level arises, for out of all the pattern groupings that could be learned, only those that are meaningful are learned. Sutherland [145] argues the points involved in such a model of perception very cogently, for the visual case. We do not, at present, k...

Laboratory gaming and simulation continue to be used as research and training tools of great value In many fields of social and organizational behavior. Discriminating researchers are aware, hovever, of the many fundamental problems that limit the valid applications of simulation studies. Laboratory simulation Inevitably creates a problem of Interpretation, I.e., of Inferring correspondence bet...

We propose nite sample tests and on den e sets for models with unobserved and generated regressors as well as various models estimated by instrumental variables methods. The validity of the pro edures is una e ted by the presen e of identi ation problems or \weak instruments", so no dete tion of su h problems is required. We study two distin t approa hes for various models onsidered by Pagan (1...