This paper examines the tax structures of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries by focusing on the quality of governance and demographic changes as two influential factors in region’s economies. The objective of is to determine whether these factors can explain the variation in the tax structures of these countries. Results from regressions on the MENA countries and the ones based o...

Theoretical foundations in banks' response to capital settlement suggest that the systems proposed by Basel are not sound. It is conceivable regulators will consider alternative approaches enhance safety and soundness of banking system. The regulation includes several decrees ratios; areas interest encompassing subject principal component analysis (PCA).The paper aims present a regulatory frame...

We examine the issue of possible portfolio diversification benefits into seven Middle-Eastern and North African (MENA) stock markets. We take the standpoint of the world investor and we construct portfolios in international and local currencies based on five optimization models and two risk measures. We then compare the portfolio out-of-sample performance based on Sharpe and Sortino ratios thro...

This paper relies on theoretical approaches from the IR-discipline to account for important changes in Germany’s support for a common European foreign policy toward the ArabIsraeli dispute since the early 1990s. It first describes two major shifts in Germany’s approach towards Middle East peace making: first, Germany’s growing support for EuroMediterranean cooperation in the second half of the ...

INTRODUCTION Non-typhoidal Salmonella is considered one of the leading causes of foodborne disease worldwide. This protocol provides methods that will be used to synthesise available epidemiological data on non-typhoidal enteric Salmonella in humans and food in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and to characterise the morbidity of human salmonellosis in this region. METHODS AND ANALY...

Some feminist scholars have asserted that nominal representation does not secure substantive for gender equality and the mere presence of more women in politics necessary lead to inclusive policies. This assertion makes sense because advancing equitable opportunities requires a strategy address intersectional forms oppression, systemic requirement was historically lacking across much Arab Middl...