The distribution of multicast traffic (e.g. IPTV or business point-to-multipoint) in the metropolitan environment requires highly resilient network infrastructures. Currentlydeployed fibre ducts in the metropolitan area are typically based on ring topologies interconnected by the dual homing approach. In this study, an easy evolution towards meshed topologies is proposed, based on Double Rings ...

Networking is always motivated in direction of betterment in communication system. Versatile way i.e. Wireless Sensor Network, Ad-Hoc networks, Mobile Networks, Wired Networks, Local Area Network, Metropolitan Area Network, Wireless Area Network etc., are available but today more emphasize is laid upon achieving an “Energy Efficient Environment”. This paper mainly focuses upon achieving energy ...

In strategic transport planning, rail stations play different roles at scales, particularly in large cities and metropolitan regions, where movement structure shows polycentric patterns. However, there is a general lack of evidence-based studies investigating the relative network stations. Therefore, this paper aims to explore stations' within beyond communities London. Drawing on Transport for...

Clustered urban development has caused increasing fragmentation and islanding of regional ecological spaces. Creating a green infrastructure network (GIN) is practical method ensuring security. This study proposed GIN identification at the scale based on Nanjing Metropolitan Area as an example. In this method, hubs were identified using morphological spatial pattern analysis connectivity indexe...

introduction: inequalities in urban environment are a significant concern. socioeconomic level plays an important role in these inequalities. inequality in environmental hazards is recognized as potential determinants of health disparities. materials & methods: in this study, we used individual and cumulative environmental hazard inequality indices to compare the inequality among 379 neighborho...

the main goal of the present study was to implement a hybrid pattern of cellular automata model and particle swarm optimization algorithm based on tm and etm+ imagery of landsat satellite from 1988 to 2010 for simulating the urban sprawling. in this study, an alternative model was implemented in two ways: the first method was based on two images (1988 and 2010) and the second one was based on t...