Artificial Life and Evolutionary Computation studies have until now failed to model the symbiotic evaluation methods and the extensive amounts of horizontal gene transfer that are starting to be recognized in recent Metagenomic approaches to understanding microbial populations. Examples can be seen, in Learning Classifier Systems, and the SANE algorithm, of symbiotic evaluations; the Microbial ...

Proteases from a variety of sources (viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects) have toxicity towards insects. Some of these insecticidal proteases evolved as venom components, herbivore resistance factors, or microbial pathogenicity factors, while other proteases play roles in insect development or digestion, but exert an insecticidal effect when over-expressed from genetically engineered ...

Conventional assays for quantifying the virulence of microbial pathogens and mutants have traditionally relied upon the use of a range of mammalian species. A number of workers have demonstrated that insects can be used for evaluating microbial pathogenicity and provide results comparable to those that can be obtained with mammals since one component of the vertebrate immune system, the innate ...

in turkey, it is known that, wastes of fisheries processing plants released to the environment and only a bit of that assessed as fish meal or fish feed by a few plant. it is expected that with the evaluation of these wastes which rich in nutrient content by converted to the various commercial products (chitin, protein hydrolyzate, carotenoprotein and pıgment extraction etc.) to be beneficial i...

One of the least understood areas in the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops is their impact on soil and plant-associated microbial communities. In a review of literature, Dunfield and Germida (2004) found that transgenic plants and plant litter can influence the composition of the plant-associated microbial communities. Their review also points to such effects having be...

Hospitals discharge considerable amounts of chemicals and microbial agents in their wastewaters. Problem chemicals present in hospital wastewater belong to different groups, such as antibiotics, X-ray contrast agents, disinfectants and pharmaceuticals. Many of these chemical compounds resist normal wastewater treatment. They end up in surface waters where they can influence the aquatic ecosyste...

A rapid method for estimating the extent of microbial contamination on food and on food processing equipment is described. Microbial cells are rinsed from food or swab samples with sterile diluent and concentrated on the surface of membrane filters. The filters are incubated on a suitable bacteriological medium for 4 hr at 30 C, heated at 105 C for 5 min, and stained. The membranes are then dri...

The samples were stored at -18oC and undergone microbial analysis, chemical characteristics and sensory evaluation at 2-month intervals. Mean bacterial loads and coliform counts were 7.1×10±2.0×10 and 1.9×10±7.1×10 CFU/g. In this study, frozen storage was more effective than either treatment alone at decreasing total and coliform counts. Microbial analysis indicated that freezing storage had a ...

One unresolved issue in geomicrobiology is the involvement of microbial activity in the formation of secondary mineral deposits, or speleothems, in caves. Although there is extensive literature demonstrating the importance of bacteria in the precipitation of calcite in noncave environments, the role that these organisms play within caves remains unclear. Evidence in support of microbial involve...

In Turkey, it is known that, wastes of fisheries processing plants released to the environment and only a bit of that assessed as fish meal or fish feed by a few plant. It is expected that with the evaluation of these wastes which rich in nutrient content by converted to the various commercial products (chitin, protein hydrolyzate, carotenoprotein and pıgment extraction etc.) to be beneficial i...