Psychotic symptoms and disorders can emerge due to structural brain abnormalities. The septum pellucidum is one of the midline brain structures, which consists of the fusion of two thin membranes. Cavum vergae is recognized as the most severe form of fusion defect in the membranes of septum pellucidum. Although cavum vergea is reported to be common in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders...

AIM To present the application of volume rendering technique (VRT) computed tomography (CT) scan in cranio-vertebral junction (CVJ) surgeries. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors used VRT images CT patients congenital CVJ anomalies who were subjected to various surgeries through midline posterior approach. screw entry points and courses vertebral arteries identified relation landmarks on images, p...

holoprosencephaly (hpe) is a rare congenital brain malformation associated with multiple midline facial defects. this anomaly is resulted from the failure of diverticulation and cleavage of primitive prosencephalon during weeks 4-8 of gestation. hpe is the most common forebrain developmental anomaly in human with the incidence rate of 0.49-1.2 cases per 10,000-20,000 term births. in this study,...

Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) refers to a class of midline facial malformations caused by abnormal development of the facial primordia. The term encompasses a spectrum of severities but characteristic features include combinations of ocular hypertelorism, malformations of the nose and forehead and clefting of the facial midline. Several recent studies have drawn attention to the importance of Alx...

SUMMARY HPE is a congenital brain malformation characterized by failure of the prosencephalon to divide into 2 hemispheres. We have identified 7 patients who have a mild subtype of HPE in which the midline fusion was restricted to the septal region or preoptic region of the telencephalon. This subtype, which we call septopreoptic HPE, falls in the spectrum of lobar HPE, but lacks significant fr...

Oro-facial-digital syndrome type II (OFD-II) is characterized by frenulated tongue, midline cleft lip, high arched or cleft palate, micrognathia, syndactyly and polydactyly, bilateral reduplicated hallux, conductive hearing loss, choroidal coloboma and normal intelligence. There are nine forms of oro-facial-digital syndromes with different modes of inheritance. A young female with features of o...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article was to review the published literature on 3-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) and 4-dimensional ultrasound (4DUS) in obstetrics and determine whether 3DUS adds diagnostic information to what is currently provided by 2-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS) and, if so, in what areas. METHODS A PubMed search was conducted for articles reporting on the use of 3DUS or 4DU...

Prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) results in a continuum of physical, neurological, behavioral, and learning defects collectively grouped under the heading Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [4] (FAS) was first defined in 1973 as a condition characterized by preand postnatal growth deficiencies, facial abnormalities, and defects of the central nervous system [5]...

To achieve craniofacial symmetry is one of the important goals of orthodontic and orthognathic treatment planning. With the increasing popularity of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in recent years, it is frequently considered for three-dimensional evaluation of craniofacial asymmetry. Currently, there are no published reviews reporting craniofacial modularization to explain the aggravated ...

Prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) results in a continuum of physical, neurological, behavioral, and learning defects collectively grouped under the heading Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [4] (FAS) was first defined in 1973 as a condition characterized by preand postnatal growth deficiencies, facial abnormalities, and defects of the central nervous system [5]...