Microstimulation within the motor regions of the spinal cord is often assumed to activate motoneurons and propriospinal neurons close to the electrode tip. However, previous work has shown that intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) in the gray matter activates sensory afferent axons as well as alpha-motoneurons (MNs). Here we report on the recruitment of sensory afferent axons and MNs as ISMS amp...

The removal of excess neurons by programmed cell death (PCD) is believed to be critical for the proper development and function of the nervous system. A major role of this neuronal loss is to attain quantitative matching of neurons with their targets and afferents. Because motoneurons (MNs) in Bax knock-out (Bax KO) mice fail to undergo PCD in the face of normal target muscle development, we as...

Transdermal drug-delivery systems (TDDS) have been a growing field in drug delivery because of their advantages over parenteral and oral administration. Recent studies illustrate that microneedles (MNs) can effectively penetrate through the stratum corneum barrier to facilitate drug delivery. However, the temporal effects on skin and drug diffusion are difficult to investigate in vivo. In this ...

The mechanical properties of steels can be deteriorated by the formation type II sulfide inclusions. addition alloying elements Al, C, and Si is generally considered to promote transition from III sulfides. However, mechanism how elements, especially affect still unclear. In this work, effect aluminum on divorced eutectic transformation MnS inclusions was investigated. research results show tha...

Mirror neurons (MNs) were first discovered in monkeys and subsequently in humans and birds. While MNs are deemed to play a number of high level cognitive functions, here we propose that they serve a unitary form of sensorimotor recognition of others’ behavior. We caution that this basic function should not be confounded with the higher order functions that stem from the wider cortical systems i...

Fig. 1. The Mirror Neuron System (MNS) describes a multimodal brain circuit underlying social cognition whose status can be successfully interrogated using several different established brain measuringmodalities (Fabbri-Destro and Rizzolatti, 2008). Perturbation in the MNS gives rise to perturbations in social cognition, and, in turn abnormal behavior and function. In this model, brain based bi...

Developing fast and robust methods for identifying multiple FIR channels driven by an unknown common source is important for wireless communications, speech reverberation cancellation, and other applications. In this correspondence, we present a new method that exploits a minimum noise subspace (MNS). The MNS is computed from a set of channel output pairs that form a “tree.” The “tree” exploits...

introduction: effect of tripolar tens of vertebral column on slow and fast motoneurons (mns) activity of soleus muscle was previously investigated. in this study for better differentiation of the behavior of slow and fast mns, we exploited h-reflex recovery curve recording in two muscles of soleus and lateral gastrocnemius, respectively as the representatives of slow and fast muscles. methods: ...

It has been proposed that there is a core impairment in autism spectrum conditions (ASC) to the mirror neuron system (MNS): If observed actions cannot be mapped onto the motor commands required for performance, higher order sociocognitive functions that involve understanding another person's perspective, such as theory of mind, may be impaired. However, evidence of MNS impairment in ASC is mixe...

BACKGROUND The chicken embryo is an important model organism for developmental biology studies. At present, many techniques on this model have been set up, from surgical procedures to molecular biology methods, to answer capital questions of cell biology. The study of the genes involved in motoneurons (MNs) survival and cell death is critical for a better understanding of the molecular mechanis...