Diverticula are thought to arise from defects in the muscularis layer of the intestines (Fig. 35.1) and are related to abnormalities in muscle tone and increased intraluminal pressure; saclike protrusions eventually form at points of weakness. If stool is caught in these sacs, it becomes inspissated and hardened and causes abrasions of the mucosa that lead to inflammation, although the same end...

B. Abbott,56 A. Abdesselam,11 M. Abolins,49 V. Abramov,24 B. S. Acharya,16 D. L. Adams,58 M. Adams,36 G. A. Alves,2 N. Amos,48 E. W. Anderson,41 R. Astur,53 M. M. Baarmand,53 V. V. Babintsev,24 L. Babukhadia,53 T. C. Bacon,26 A. Baden,45 B. Baldin,35 P. W. Balm,19 S. Banerjee,16 E. Barberis,28 P. Baringer,42 J. F. Bartlett,35 U. Bassler,12 D. Bauer,26 A. Bean,42 M. Begel,52 A. Belyaev,23 S. B. ...

This review will focus on evidence showing that NMDA receptor neurotransmission is critical for synaptic plasticity processes within brain regions known to be necessary for the formation of object recognition memories. The aim will be to provide evidence concerning NMDA mechanisms related to recognition memory processes and show that recognition memory for objects, places or associations betwee...

Object recognition is consistently impaired in human amnesia and animal models thereof. Results from subjects with permanent brain damage have revealed the importance of the perirhinal cortex to object recognition memory. Here, we report evidence from rats for interdependent but distinct stages in object recognition memory (encoding, retrieval, and consolidation), which require glutamate recept...

The perirhinal cortex (PRc) is essential for visual recognition memory, as shown by electrophysiological recordings and lesion studies in a variety of species. However, relatively little is known about the functional contributions of perirhinal subregions. Here we used a systematic mapping approach to identify the critical subregions of PRc through transient, focal blockade of glutamate recepto...

Recognition memory, involving the ability to discriminate between a novel and familiar object, depends on the integrity of the perirhinal cortex (PRH). Glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the cortex, is essential for many types of memory processes. Of the subtypes of glutamate receptor, metabotropic receptors (mGluRs) have received less study than NMDA receptors; thus, the report...

Analogues of N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) were prepared and assayed for inhibition of ceramide-specific glucosyltransferase (CGT), non-lysosomal β-glucosidase 2 (GBA2) and the lysosomal β-glucosidase 1 (GBA1). Compounds 5 a-6 f, which carry sterically demanding nitrogen substituents, and compound 13, devoid of the C3 and C5 hydroxy groups present in DNJ/NB-DGJ (N-butyldeoxygalactojirimyc...