Mathematical programming has been widely applied for the planning of natural gas production infrastructure development. As the production infrastructure involves large investments and is expected to remain in operation over several decades, the factors that will impact the gas production but cannot be foreseen before the development of the infrastructure need to be taken into account in the pla...

introduction oxidative stress is an inevitable consequence of intensive production due to mismatched balance between free radical production and natural antioxidant capacity of animals. reactive oxygen species (ros) refers to a group of free radicals produced by oxidative energy cycle and also recently demonstrated to be as a weapon for macrophage cells. moreover, feed processing phenomena such...

Combustion in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is controlled auto ignition of well-mixed fuel, air and residual gas. Since onset of HCCI combustion depends on the auto ignition of fuel/air mixture, there is no direct control on the start of combustion process. Therefore, HCCI combustion becomes unstable rather easily especially at lower and higher engine load. Charge strati...

Natural gas extraction is experiencing what has been called a quiet revolution. The industry historically viewed natural gas as trapped in reservoirs, where it collects over thousands of years after exiting source rock. Though hard to find, the reservoirs easily give up large amounts of their holdings when penetrated by drilling. But what if natural gas could be extracted directly from source r...

Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) units combine gas pre-treatment to tight specifications and natural gas liquefaction that are new to offshore with traditional production systems that are commonly found on oil Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels. Attention is often focused on the new units, sometimes forgetting that successful operation of the Liquefied Natural Gas (L...