Automatic question answering system plays important role in current search engines. General search engines are based on keyword based searching mechanism. It retrieves enormous amount of data from which sometime it become difficult for user to recognize relevant information. Another problem is that, users get confused if there are same words with different meaning. To solve these problems seman...

This paper provides both a fully abstract (domain-theoretic) model for the π -calculus and a universal (set-theoretic) model for the finite π -calculus with respect to strong late bisimulation and congruence. This is done by considering categorical models, defining a metalanguage for these models, and translating the π -calculus into the metalanguage. A technical novelty of our approach is an a...

The problem of classifying text with respect to metalanguage and language object patterns is formulated and its application areas are proposed. Examples of metalanguage patterns in text are foreign language grammar lessons and tutorials on how to write engineering documents. The method targets the text classification tasks where keyword statistics is insufficient do distinguish between such abs...

Most researchers now agree that subcategorization correlates significantly with semantics. But this semantic component of linking has proved elusive. Most, if not all, theories of linking have, in pratice, resorted to constructs that are syntactic diacritics. We show in this paper that the implicit syntactic diacritics that plague the basic linking constraints posited in at least some of these ...

1. Introduction There are two major types of language generation.l The first of these is monologue generation, which focuses on generating monologue text, typically of paragraph length. The second is dialogue generation, the aim of which is to produce cooperative , interactive discourse. Typically projects in natural language generation focus on one or the other, but some researchers are now co...

this study is carried out to shed light on one of the lexical problems affecting the performance of translators while attempting to translate from an original text into a target language (in present study, from french to persian). polysemy is one of the well identified semantic problems. the words possess different meanings and significations according to the situation and the context in which ...

Automatic short answer grading (ASAG) is the automated process of assessing answers based on natural language using computation methods and machine learning algorithms. Development of large-scale smart education systems on one hand and the importance of assessment as a key factor in the learning process and its confronted challenges, on the other hand, have significantly increased the need for ...

Automatic short answer grading (ASAG) is the automated process of assessing answers based on natural language using computation methods and machine learning algorithms. Development of large-scale smart education systems on one hand and the importance of assessment as a key factor in the learning process and its confronted challenges, on the other hand, have significantly increased the need for ...

Introduction The material interpretation of conditionals is commonly recognized as involving some paradoxical results. I here argue that the truth functional approach to natural language is the reason for the inadequacy of this material interpretation, since the truth or falsity of some pair of statements ‘p’ and ‘q’ cannot per se be decisive for the truth or falsity of a conditional relation ‘...