An explicit method is described for reconstruction of the complex refractive index by the method of contrast transfer function

The refractive index is an optical constant that plays a significant role in the description of light-matter interactions. When it comes to biological media, refraction is understudied despite recent advances in the field of bio-optics. In the present article, we report on the measurement of the refractive properties of freshly excised healthy and cancerous human liver samples, by use of a pris...

When light travels through a medium in which the refractive index is rapidly changing with time, will undergo shift its frequency. Large frequency shifting effects have recently been reported for transparent conductive oxides. These observations interpreted as emerging from temporal changes to propagation phase bulk resulting variations index, an effect referred refraction. Here, we show that e...

Because direct measurements of the refractive index of hemoglobin over a large wavelength range are challenging, indirect methods deserve particular attention. Among them, the Kramers-Kronig relations are a powerful tool often used to derive the real part of a refractive index from its imaginary part. However, previous attempts to apply the relations to solutions of human hemoglobin have been s...

We study the problem of constructing an optical surface separating two homogeneous, isotropic media, one of which has a negative refractive index. In doing so, we develop a vector form of Snell's law, which is used to study surfaces possessing a certain uniform refraction property, in both the near- and far-field cases. In the near-field problem, unlike the case when both materials have positiv...

In common media, electromagnetic wave always possesses a fluctuant field variation, analogous to an undulant surface of sea. While electromagnetic wave in the media with zero index metamaterials (ZIMs), whose refractive indices are near zero, homogeneous or constant field distribution will emerge, resembling a tranquil surface of lake. Such impression almost could be found in all previous liter...

We address the existence and properties of optical solitons excited in thermal nonlinear media with a transverse refractive index gradient. The interplay between the nonlocality of the thermal nonlinearity and the linear refractive index enables generating controllable switching from surface soliton propagating near the sample edges to bulk solitons. Beam steering associated with the different ...

The refractive indices of several fused silica and calcium fluoride samples from different suppliers were measured with the minimum deviation method in the deep UV between 191 and 196 nm with a standard uncertainty of 7 ppm. For both materials the dispersion dn/dlambda near 193 nm and 20 degrees C was determined. In addition, we measured the thermal coefficients of the refractive index near 193...