I n a modern economy, a large fraction of payments for goods and services involve the services of one or more banks. The provision of payment services is, in fact, one of the distinguishing characteristics of banks. A bank-intermediated payment instrument, such as a check, typically communicates instructions to the buyer’s bank to make payment to the seller or the seller’s bank. Often, then, we...

the security is a divine grace with which a person can live commonly and peacefully, by enjoying a secure situation. the right for enjoying this situation is called, the right of security. considering the implication between supporting the of security and taking the individual right, the most important benefit which a person gets in this situation, is his ability to perfome and to take his own ...

Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) is a promising cryptographic primitive which significantly enhances the versatility of access control mechanisms. Due to the high expressiveness of ABE policies, the computational complexities of ABE key-issuing (by Attribute Authorities (AAs)) and decryption (by eligible users) are getting prohibitively high. Despite that the existing Outsourced ABE solutions a...

The prevalence of HIV in Pakistan is less than 0.1%, but is feared to be spreading among the general population rapidly. Screening tests for HIV is based on antibody detection. There seems to be little knowledge regarding the interpretation of HIV results among the population. Most often the patients are being issued a positive HIV report based on single screening test when in fact it should be...

the overwhelming rate of progress in biotechnological research especially in human genetics, as well as the high levels of power these researches provide us to intervene in human lives, brings serious concerns on the ethical problems that may rise from these research endeavors. to address this critical issue in iran, we conducted a study issuing publishing authors of studies in human genetics f...