This article summarizes the challenges, opportunities and lessons learned from presentations, discussions and debates addressing major policy and programmatic responses to HIV in six geographical regions: Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Latin America, Caribbean, and Middle East and North Africa. It draws from AIDS 2008 Leadership and Community Programm...

BACKGROUND Lack of information on the HIV epidemic among men who inject drugs (MWID) in northwestern Vietnam, a remote area, may hamper national efforts to control the disease. We examined HIV prevalence, needle-syringe sharing behaviors, and associated factors among MWID in three areas of northwestern Vietnam. METHODS We used descriptive analysis to report the characteristics, frequency of r...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this prospective, randomized, blinded study was to compare the pain of injection and post-injection pain of the AMSA injection using the computer-assisted Wand Plus injection system versus a conventional syringe. STUDY DESIGN Using a crossover design, 40 subjects randomly received 2 blinded AMSA injections using the Wand Plus system and a conventional syringe, at 2 se...

This prospective, nonblinded study, comparing jet injection with needle-syringe injection of lidocaine in performing digital blocks, tested the hypothesis that jet injection can be used effectively as a less painful way to perform digital blocks. Twenty-four adult patients with injuries of the middle or distal phalanges of the fingers received digital blocks using a jet injector on one side of ...

It has been the experience of this laboratory that the lead hydroxide stain of Watson (1) gives excellent results in increasing contrast in thin sections of tissue, but that the stain is inconvenient to use because on contact with air it forms an insoluble precipitate which contaminates both the stored solution and the sections. 1 Contamination introduced in transferring the solution from the s...

Active drug users—whom I here roughly categorize as habituated, addicted, or dependent (HAD) users who are not currently inclined to abandon their use of such drugs1—may desire individually or collectively to assert themselves in the wider social world of work and social policy. Drug-dependent individuals may seek work in harm reduction centers or as custodians, accountants, or doctors. Activis...

aims: needle stick accidents are a serious health risk for blood-borne infections among health care workers. this study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of needle stick injuries in health care workers and its related factors. instrument & methods: this cross-sectional study was carried on hcws of shahid beheshti hospital of kashan city, iran (270 individuals), from september 2013 to marc...

To generate complete 3-D maps of extracellular ion current patterns around insect ovarioles without removing the sample and chamber from the recording equipment, it was necessary to design a chamber permitting complete rotation of the tissue. While suction pipets have been used in previous studies to orient the tissue (1), their use can significantly disturb extracellular ionic gradients if an ...

in western asia, afghan refugees constitute one of the main vulnerable populations with drug and hiv treatment needs. however, there is not considerable provision of drug and hiv services for this group. the study aimed to describe the provision of drug treatment and harm reduction services for afghan refugees in iran, the most populous persian gulf country. with the collaboration of the united...