We summarize the current state of knowledge of the brain's reading circuits, and then we describe opportunities to use quantitative and reproducible methods for diagnosing these circuits. Neural circuit diagnostics-by which we mean identifying the locations and responses in an individual that differ significantly from measurements in good readers-can help parents and educators select the best r...

Many data now indicate that the amygdala, along with its many efferent connections, is critically involved in emotion. Although the amygdala complex is generally defined by several distinct groups of cells, including the lateral, basal, accessory basal central, medial, and cortical nuclei, new data indicate that it is more useful to think of the amygdala as the basolateral amygdala (Bla) and to...

Like other hydrozoan medusae, Aglantha lacks a brain, but the two marginal nerve rings function together as a central nervous system. Twelve neuronal and two excitable epithelial conduction systems are described and their interactions summarized. Aglantha differs from most medusae in having giant axons. It can swim and contract its tentacles in two distinct ways (escape and slow). Escape respon...