Endothelial cells present in brain are unique and differ from other peripheral tissues in a number of ways, which ensures specific brain endothelial barrier properties. Endothelial dysfunction is the earliest event in the initiation of vascular damage caused by inflammation. Various microRNAs (miRNA) have been discovered in different cellular components of the blood bran barrier (BBB). miRNAs a...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a trauma that disturbs motor, sensitive and autonomic function and directly impacts the quality of life. After physical damage, releasing of pro-inflammatory proteins and cytokines occurs and with collaboration of immune system cells, an immune response begins in the brain tissue. The result of neuroinflammation is edema, apoptosis and release of axonal growth inhibi...

Depression, as a mental disorder, affects more than 300 million people of all ages every year. It is said to be associated with neuroinflammation. Depression has affected women more than men. Over the world, people are disabled due to depression rather than any other condition. Neuroinflammation is the brain’s reaction to injury. Apparently there is a link between neuroinflammation and de...

Neuroinflammation is a major component of several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, HIV-associated dementia, Multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Although the primary pathology underlying each of these diseases is vastly different, neuroinflammation, consisting of chronic activation of brain macrophages, is a significant factor that contributes to neuronal damage i...

Blast-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a common cause of injury in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Blast waves can damage blood vessels, neurons, and glial cells within the brain. Acutely, depending on the blast energy, blast wave duration, and number of exposures, blast waves disrupt the blood-brain barrier, triggering microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Rec...

OBJECTIVE To investigate CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Huntington disease (HD) gene-expansion carriers compared to controls and to investigate these biomarkers in association with clinical HD rating scales and disease burden score. METHODS We collected CSF from 32 premanifest and 48 manifest HD gene-expansion carriers and 24 gene-expansion negative at-risk contr...

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can lead to devastating outcomes including vasospasm, cognitive decline, and even death. Currently, treatment options are limited for this potentially life threatening injury. Recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in injury expansion and brain damage. Red blood cell breakdown products can lead to the release of inflammator...

The principle functions of neuroinflammation are to limit tissue damage and promote tissue repair in response to pathogens or injury. While neuroinflammation has utility, pathophysiological inflammatory responses, to some extent, underlie almost all neuropathology. Understanding the mechanisms that control the three stages of inflammation (initiation, propagation and resolution) is therefore of...

Emerging from several decades of extensive research, key genetic elements and biochemical mechanisms implicated in neuroinflammation have been delineated, contributing substantially to our understanding neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). In this minireview, we discuss data predominantly the past three years, highlighting pivotal roles two principal cell types neuroinflammation. The review also ...

migraine is a disabling headache disorder. that is characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. it is one of the most common neurological disorder in the world that nearly one billion of people are affected by migraines. the main migraine’s features are headaches. accompanying symptoms are nausea, sometimes vomiting, photophobia, neck pain and muscle tension. its attacks last seve...