This article examines the changing transatlantic security architecture since the end of the Cold War. It argues that the absence of a unifying military threat and the subsequent broadening of the notion of security from states to societies has led to the increasing differentiation of security policy arrangements since the beginning of the 1990s. Not only have international institutions prolifer...

The present status of arms control in Europe is somewhat paradoxical. On the one hand, arms control has experienced astounding successes over the last ten years: the INF Treaty, START 1 and 2, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the CFE 1 and 1a Treaties, as well as a wide range of confidencebuilding measures. On the other hand, the impression has become redundant in the European context. The pres...

This article offers a panoramic vision of the development of international health in Latin America during the late 1940s and the 1950s, when a series of bilateral and multilateral institutions, such as the World Health Organization and UNICEF, were founded and reshaped. The language, policies, and activities of these new institutional actors were heavily influenced by the context of the early C...

BACKGROUND In the 1980s, many medical organizations identified the prevention of nuclear war as one of the medical profession's most important goals. An assessment of the current danger is warranted given the radically changed context of the post-Cold War era. METHODS We reviewed the recent literature on the status of nuclear arsenals and the risk of nuclear war. We then estimated the likely ...

Policy literature on the insecurity of cyberspace frequently invokes comparisons to Cold War security strategy, thereby neglecting the fundamental differences between contemporary and Cold War security environments. This article develops an alternative viewpoint, exploring the analogy between cyberspace and another largely ungoverned space: the sea in the age of privateering. This comparison en...

In 2018, China released the much-expected White Paper and its Arctic policy in region. foresees economic opportunities realizes territorial challenges as it seeks an active role opening. The outlines China’s aspirations strategies to develop Polar Silk Road across Ocean. As a non-Arctic state without claim of territory, will likely have rely on cooperation invitation states so advance interests...