Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is an unsupervised neural network using for object detection and recognition in numerous image processing applications. This paper presents a methodology to achieve an automated detection of nipples by obscene pictures. The proposed system is composed of a human skin detection using for non-skin removal process based on image processing and a nipple detection using for...

AIMS To find a pre-operative test for nipple and areola involvement in breast cancer. METHODS Areola-tumour distance was measured in 140 consecutive patients (median age 45, range: 23-83) undergoing a mastectomy. We analysed whether nipple and areola correlated with areola-tumour distance, tumour size, nodal status, perinodal involvement and lymphatic embolization. RESULTS The nipple was in...

Adenomatosis (adenoma, papillary adenoma, florid papillomatosis) of the nipple is a rare benign disorder involving the nipple witch can be mistaken clinically for Paget's disease and pathologically be misinterpreted as an adenocarcinoma. It occurs mostly in middle-aged women and is extremely rare in adolescents and children. Adenomatosis of the nipple is a well-known in women, but extremely rar...

introduction: postoperative sore throat is a common complaint in patients with endotracheal intubation and has potentially dangerous complications. this randomized controlled trial study investigated the incidence of postoperative sore throat after general anesthesia when betamethasone gel is applied to a tracheal tube compared with when iv dexamethasone is prescribed.   materials and methods: ...

Introduction: Nipple creation using the C-V flap technique is often the final step in breast reconstruction. The aim of this study was to assess subjectively and objectively the cosmetic outcomes and satisfaction of patients undergoing C-V flap nipple reconstruction. Methods: Subjective assessments of patient satisfaction with the neo-nipple recorded by visual analogue scoring (VAS; 0-10). Obje...

BACKGROUND Persistent nipple pain is one of the most common reasons given by mothers for ceasing exclusive breastfeeding. We aimed to determine the frequency of nipple pain as a reason for consultation, the most common attributed aetiologies, and the effectiveness of the advice and treatment given. METHODS All consultations at the Breast Feeding Centre of Western Australia (WA) were audited o...

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a LED phototherapy prototype apparatus in the healing of nipple trauma in breastfeeding women. Background data: There is no scientific evidence of an effective treatment for nipple trauma. Methods: The experimental group was treated with orientation on nipple care and adequate breastfeeding techniques in...

INTRODUCTION Nipple fluid aspiration provides direct non-invasive sampling of fluid from the mammary ductal system, where the majority of breast cancers originate. DNA promoter hypermethylation ("methylation") occurs early and at high frequency in breast carcinogenesis, bearing the potential as a biomarker for cancer detection at its earliest stages. We assessed methylation in nipple fluid from...

SUMMARY As nipple-sparing mastectomy with implant-based reconstruction has increased, attention must be paid to the viability of the nipple-areolar complex. This article describes the use of preoperative Doppler ultrasound to identify the internal mammary artery perforators. Preserving the internal mammary artery improves vascular supply to the nipple-areolar complex.