In this paper we propose a semantics for dyadic deontic logic with an explicit preference ordering between worlds, representing diierent degrees of ideality. We argue that this ideality ordering can be used in two ways to evaluate formulas , which we call ordering and minimizing. Ordering uses all preference relations between relevant worlds, whereas minimizing uses the most preferred worlds on...

The metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) diode is the most useful device in the study of semiconductor surfaces. The current-voltage data of the metal-insulatorsemiconductor Schottky diode are simulated using thermionic emission diffusion equation taking into account the interfacial layer parameters. The calculated current–voltage data are fitted into ideal thermionic emission diffusion equation...

In this study, we have semisynthesized the following three molecular species of mixed-chain phosphatidylethanolamine: C(22):C(12)PE, C(16):C(18:1 delta 9)PE, and C(10):C(24:1 delta 15)PE. These lipids share a common structural characteristic, that is, they all have the same total number of carbon atoms in their acyl chains. Aqueous dispersions prepared from three sets of binary lipid mixtures, ...

This article provides a review of current theoretical and computational studies of the ion atmosphere of DNA as related to issues of both structure and function. Manning's elementary yet elegant concept of "counterion condensation" is revisited and shown to be well supported by current state-of-the-art molecular simulations. Studies of the ion atmosphere problem based on continuum electrostatic...

Thermodynamic properties of the ST2 model for supercooled liquid water exhibit anomalies similar to those observed in real water. A possible explanation of these anomalies is the existence of a metastable, liquid-liquid transition terminated by a critical point. This phenomenon, whose possible existence in real water is the subject of much current experimental work, has been unambiguously demon...

In the earlier Royal Society of Chemistry book Analytical Ultracentrifugation in Biochemistry and Polymer Science,we reviewed the progress and potential of the ultracentrifuge for providing fundamental information about polysaccharides in what for many is their natural state in solution.r Our chapter was reinforced by contributions from Lavrenko and co-workers,2 who looked in detail at the conc...

We investigate the dissociation equilibrium of H2 in very cool, helium-rich white dwarf atmospheres. We present the solution of the non-ideal chemical equilibrium for the dissociation of molecular hydrogen in a medium of dense helium. We find that at the photosphere of cool white dwarfs of Teff = 4000K, the non-ideality results in an increase of the mole fraction of molecular hydrogen by up to ...