The Voynich manuscript is a medieval book written in an unknown script. This paper studies the relation between similarly spelled words in the Voynich manuscript. By means of a detailed analysis of similar spelled words it was possible to reveal the text generation method used for the Voynich manuscript.

The human reader of handwriting is unaware of the amount of back-ground knowledge that is constantly being used by a massive parallel computer, his brain, to decipher cursive script. Artificial cursive script recognizers do not have access to a comparable source of knowledge or of comparable computational power to perform top-down processing. Therefore, in an artificial script recognizer, there...

BACKGROUND When compared with more traditional instructional methods, Game-based e-learning (GbEl) promises a higher motivation of learners by presenting contents in an interactive, rule-based and competitive way. Most recent systematic reviews and meta-analysis of studies on Game-based learning and GbEl in the medical professions have shown limited effects of these instructional methods. OBJ...

Models of written word recognition in languages using the Roman alphabet assume that a word's visual form is quickly mapped onto abstract units. This proposal is consistent with the finding that masked priming effects are of similar magnitude from lowercase, uppercase and alternating-case primes (e.g., beard-BEARD, BEARD-BEARD and BeArD-BEARD). We examined whether this claim can be readily gene...

Introduction The Paper Historical Collection of the Dutch Royal Library, the National Library of the Netherlands in The Hague, includes amongst its collections forty sheets of a manuscript written on tree bark (KB:I.A.4.). The manuscript, folded in a concertina, measures 194 x 134 mm. It was acquired by auction for the collection in 1970 and was at that time classified as written in Rencong scr...

Like the sequence of words in written language, comic book page layouts direct images into a deliberate reading sequence. Conventional wisdom would expect that comic panels follow the order of text: left-to-right and down - a "Z-path" - though several layouts can violate this order, such as Gestalt groupings of panels that deny a Z-path of reading. To examine how layouts pressure readers to cho...